Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONHIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable) safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable). AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM TABLETS USP, AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM FOR ORAL SUSPENSION USP, and AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM TABLETS USP (CHEWABLE) for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 1984 To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) and other antibacterial drugs, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.BOXED WARNING[Insert boxed warning highlight title] See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning [Insert boxed warning highlight text]INDICATIONS AND USAGEAmoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable) are combination penicillin-class antibacterials and beta-lactamase inhibitors indicated for treatment of the following: Lower respiratory tract infections (1.1) Acute bacterial otitis media (1.2) Sinusitis (1.3) Skin and skin structure infections (1.4) Urinary tract infections (1.5)DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION •Adults and Pediatric Patients > 40 kg: 500 mg/125 mg or 875 mg/125 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg/125 mg or 500 mg/125 mg every 8 hours. (2.1, 2.2) •Pediatric Patients Aged 12 Weeks (3 Months) and Older: 25 to 45 mg/kg/day every 12 hours or 20 to 40 mg/kg/day every 8 hours, up to the adult dose. (2.2) •Neonates and Infants < 12 Weeks of Age: 30 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours, based on the amoxicillin component. Use of the 125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL oral suspension is recommended. (2.2) DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHSFormulations and amoxicillin/clavulanate content are: •Tablets: 500 mg/125 mg, 875 mg/125 mg; 875 mg/125 mg tablets are scored. (3) •Powder for Oral Suspension: 200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL, 400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL (3) •Chewable Tablets: 200 mg/28.5 mg, 400 mg/57 mg (3) CONTRAINDICATIONS •History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium or to other beta-lactams (e.g., penicillins or cephalosporins) (4) •History of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction associated with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. (4) WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS •Serious (including fatal) hypersensitivity reactions: Discontinue amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) if a reaction occurs. (5.1) •Hepatic dysfunction and cholestatic jaundice: Discontinue if signs/symptoms of hepatitis occur. Monitor liver function tests in patients with hepatic impairment. (5.2) • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD): Evaluate patients if diarrhea occurs. (5.3) •Patients with mononucleosis who receive amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium develop skin rash. Avoid amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium use in these patients. (5.4) •Overgrowth: The possibility of superinfections with fungal or bacterial pathogens should be considered during therapy. (5.5) Side Effects The most frequently reported adverse effects were diarrhea/loose stools (9%), nausea (3%), skin rashes and urticaria (3%), vomiting (1%) and vaginitis (1%) (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact TEVA USA, PHARMACOVIGILANCE at 1-866-832-8537 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch DRUG INTERACTIONS •Coadministration with probenecid is not recommended. (7.1) •Concomitant use of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium and oral anticoagulants may increase the prolongation of prothrombin time. (7.2) •Coadministration with allopurinol increases the risk of rash. (7.3) •Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium may reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives. (7.4) USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS •Pediatric Use: Modify dose in patients 12 weeks or younger. (8.4) •Renal Impairment; Dosage adjustment is recommended for severe renal impairment (GFR< 30 mL/min). (2.3, 8.6)
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
- 1 AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM INDICATIONS AND USAGE
- 2 AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- 4 AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM CONTRAINDICATIONS
- 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
- 6 AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM ADVERSE REACTIONS
- 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
- 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
- 10 OVERDOSAGE
- 11 AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM DESCRIPTION
- 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
- 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
- 14 CLINICAL STUDIES
- 15 REFERENCES
- 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
- 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable) and other antibacterial drugs, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable) should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable) are combination penicillin-class antibacterials and beta-lactamase inhibitors indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below*:
1.1 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
– caused by beta-lactamase–producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
1.2 Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
– caused by beta-lactamase–producing isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.
1.3 Sinusitis
– caused by beta-lactamase–producing isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.
1.4 Skin and Skin Structure Infections
– caused by beta-lactamase–producing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species.
1.5 Urinary Tract Infections
– caused by beta-lactamase–producing isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species.
1.6 Limitations of Use
– When susceptibility test results show susceptibility to amoxicillin, USP, indicating no beta-lactamase production, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable) should not be used.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets (Chewable) may be taken without regard to meals; however, absorption of clavulanate potassium is enhanced when Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets (Chewable) are administered at the start of a meal. To minimize the potential for gastrointestinal intolerance, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets (Chewable) should be taken at the start of a meal.
2.1 Adults
The usual adult dose is one 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet every 12 hours or one 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet every 8 hours. For more severe infections and infections of the respiratory tract, the dose should be one 875 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet every 12 hours or one 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet every 8 hours. Adults who have difficulty swallowing may be given the 125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL or 250 mg/62.5 mg per 5 mL suspension in place of the 500 mg/125 mg tablet. The 200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL suspension or the 400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL suspension may be used in place of the 875 mg/125 mg tablet.
Two 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets should not be substituted for one 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet. Since both the 250 mg/125 mg and 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets contain the same amount of clavulanic acid (125 mg, as the potassium salt), two 250 mg/125 mg tablets are not equivalent to one 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet.
The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet and the 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet should not be substituted for each other, as they are not interchangeable. The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet and the 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet do not contain the same amount of clavulanic acid (as the potassium salt). The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet contains 125 mg of clavulanic acid, whereas the 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet contains 62.5 mg of clavulanic acid.
2.2 Pediatric Patients
Based on the amoxicillin component, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension should be dosed as follows:
Neonates and Infants Aged < 12 Weeks (< 3 Months): The recommended dose of Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension is 30 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours, based on the amoxicillin component. Experience with the 200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL formulation in this age group is limited, and thus, use of the 125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL oral suspension is recommended.
Patients Aged 12 Weeks (3 Months) and Older: See dosing regimens provided in Table 1. The every 12 hour regimen is recommended as it is associated with significantly less diarrhea [see Clinical Studies (14.2)]. However, the every 12 hour suspension (200 mg/5 mL and 400 mg/5 mL) and chewable tablets (200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL and 400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL) and chewable tablets (200 mg/28.5 mg and 400 mg/57 mg) contain aspartame and should not be used by phenylketonurics. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
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Table 1: Dosing in Patients Aged 12 Weeks (3 Months) and Older |
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INFECTION |
DOSING REGIMEN |
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Every 12 hours |
Every 8 hours |
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200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL or |
125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL or |
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Otitis media |
45 mg/kg/day every 12 hours |
40 mg/kg/day every 8 hours |
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Less severe infections |
25 mg/kg/day every 12 hours |
20 mg/kg/day every 8 hours |
Patients Weighing 40 kg or More: Pediatric patients weighing 40 kg or more should be dosed according to adult recommendations.
The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets should not be used until the child weighs at least 40 kg, due to the different amoxicillin to clavulanic acid ratios in the 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets (250/125) versus the 250 mg/62.5 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets (Chewable) (250/62.5).
2.3 Patients With Renal Impairment
Patients with impaired renal function do not generally require a reduction in dose unless the impairment is severe. Renal impairment patients with a glomerular filtration rate of < 30 mL/min should not receive the 875 mg/125 mg dose. Patients with a glomerular filtration rate of 10 to 30 mL/min should receive 500 mg/125 mg or 250 mg/125 mg every 12 hours, depending on the severity of the infection. Patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 10 mL/min should receive 500 mg/125 mg or 250 mg/125 mg every 24 hours, depending on severity of the infection.
Hemodialysis patients should receive 500 mg/125 mg or 250 mg/125 mg every 24 hours, depending on severity of the infection. They should receive an additional dose both during and at the end of dialysis.
2.4 Directions for Mixing Oral Suspension
Prepare a suspension at time of dispensing as follows: Tap bottle until all the powder flows freely. Add approximately 2/3 of the total amount of water for reconstitution (see Table 2 below) and shake vigorously to suspend powder. Add remainder of the water and again shake vigorously.
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Table 2: Amount of Water for Mixing Oral Suspension |
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Strength |
Bottle Size |
Amount of Water for Reconstitution |
Contents of Each Teaspoonful (5 mL) |
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200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL |
100 mL |
92 mL |
200 mg amoxicillin and 28.5 mg of clavulanic acid as the potassium salt |
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400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL |
100 mL |
87 mL |
400 mg amoxicillin and 57 mg of clavulanic acid as the potassium salt |
Note: Shake oral suspension well before using. Reconstituted suspension must be stored under refrigeration and discarded after 10 days.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Tablets
500 mg/125 mg Tablets: White, oblong-shaped, biconvex, film-coated, unscored tablets, debossed 93 on one side and 2274 on the other side. Each tablet contains 500 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate and 125 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt.
875 mg/125 mg Tablets: White, capsule-shaped, biconvex, film-coated, scored tablets, debossed 93 on one side and 22 score line 75 on the other side. Each tablet contains 875 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate and 125 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt.
Powder for Oral Suspension
200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL: White to off-white, orange-raspberry flavored powder for oral suspension (each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension, when reconstituted according to directions on the container label, contains 200 mg amoxicillin and 28.5 mg of clavulanic acid as the potassium salt).
400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL: White to off-white, orange-raspberry flavored powder for oral suspension (each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension, when reconstituted according to directions on the container label, contains 400 mg amoxicillin and 57 mg of clavulanic acid as the potassium salt).
Chewable Tablets
200 mg/28.5 mg Chewable Tablets: Mottled pink, oval, biconvex, unscored tablets, debossed 93 on one side and 2270 on the other.
400 mg/57 mg Chewable Tablets: Mottled pink, oval, biconvex, unscored tablets, debossed 93 on one side and 2272 on the other.
The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet and the 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet should NOT be substituted for each other, as they are not interchangeable and the 250 mg/125 mg tablet should not be used in children weighing less than 40 kg. The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet and the 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet do not contain the same amount of clavulanic acid. The 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet contains 125 mg of clavulanic acid whereas the 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet contains 62.5 mg of clavulanic acid.
Two 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets should NOT be substituted for one 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet. Since both the 250 mg/125 mg and 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets contain the same amount of clavulanic acid (125 mg, as the potassium salt), two 250 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets are not equivalent to one 500 mg/125 mg Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
4.1 Serious Hypersensitivity Reactions
Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to amoxicillin, clavulanate or to other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs (e.g., penicillins and cephalosporins).
4.2 Cholestatic Jaundice/Hepatic Dysfunction
Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is contraindicated in patients with a previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction associated with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium.
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients receiving beta-lactam antibacterials, including amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity and/or a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens. Before initiating therapy with amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable), careful inquiry should be made regarding previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins, or other allergens. If an allergic reaction occurs, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
5.2 Hepatic Dysfunction
Hepatic dysfunction, including hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice has been associated with the use of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. Hepatic toxicity is usually reversible; however, deaths have been reported. Hepatic function should be monitored at regular intervals in patients with hepatic impairment.
5.3 Associated Diarrhea (CDAD)
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
5.4 Skin Rash in Patients With Mononucleosis
A high percentage of patients with mononucleosis who receive amoxicillin develop an erythematous skin rash. Thus, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) should not be administered to patients with mononucleosis.
5.5 Potential for Microbial Overgrowth
The possibility of superinfections with fungal or bacterial pathogens should be considered during therapy. If superinfection occurs, amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
5.6 Phenylketonurics
Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension contain aspartame which contains phenylalanine. Each 200 mg/28.5 mg chewable tablet of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium contains 3.4 mg phenylalanine. Each 400 mg/57 mg chewable tablet contains 6.7 mg phenylalanine. Each 5 mL of the 200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL oral suspension contains 0.67 mg phenylalanine. Each 5 mL of the 400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL oral suspension contains 1.12 mg phenylalanine. The other formulations of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium do not contain phenylalanine.
5.7 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Prescribing amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, or amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient, and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling:
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• Anaphylactic reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] -
• Hepatic Dysfunction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] -
• CDAD [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The most frequently reported adverse reactions were diarrhea/loose stools (9%), nausea (3%), skin rashes and urticaria (3%), vomiting (1%) and vaginitis (1%). Less than 3% of patients discontinued therapy because of drug-related adverse reactions. The overall incidence of adverse reactions, and in particular diarrhea, increased with the higher recommended dose. Other less frequently reported adverse reactions (< 1%) include: Abdominal discomfort, flatulence, and headache.
In pediatric patients (aged 2 months to 12 years), 1 U.S./Canadian clinical trial was conducted which compared 45/6.4 mg/kg/day (divided every 12 hours) of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium for 10 days versus 40/10 mg/kg/day (divided every 8 hours) of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium for 10 days in the treatment of acute otitis media. A total of 575 patients were enrolled, and only the suspension formulations were used in this trial. Overall, the adverse reactions seen were comparable to that noted above; however, there were differences in the rates of diarrhea, skin rashes/urticaria, and diaper area rashes. [See Clinical Studies (14.2)]
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
In addition to adverse reactions reported from clinical trials, the following have been identified during postmarketing use of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of their seriousness, frequency of reporting, or potential causal connection to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium.
Gastrointestinal: Indigestion, gastritis, stomatitis, glossitis, black “hairy” tongue, mucocutaneous candidiasis, enterocolitis, and hemorrhagic/pseudomembranous colitis. Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Pruritus, angioedema, serum sickness–like reactions (urticaria or skin rash accompanied by arthritis, arthralgia, myalgia, and frequently fever), erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, and cases of exfoliative dermatitis (including toxic epidermal necrolysis) have been reported. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
Liver: Hepatic dysfunction, including hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, increases in serum transaminases (AST and/or ALT), serum bilirubin, and/or alkaline phosphatase, has been reported with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. It has been reported more commonly in the elderly, in males, or in patients on prolonged treatment. The histologic findings on liver biopsy have consisted of predominantly cholestatic, hepatocellular, or mixed cholestatic-hepatocellular changes. The onset of signs/symptoms of hepatic dysfunction may occur during or several weeks after therapy has been discontinued. The hepatic dysfunction, which may be severe, is usually reversible. Deaths have been reported. [see Contraindications (4.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
Renal: Interstitial nephritis, hematuria, and crystalluria have been reported. [see Overdosage (10)]
Hemic and Lymphatic Systems: Anemia, including hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, eosinophilia, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported. These reactions are usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy and are believed to be hypersensitivity phenomena. Thrombocytosis was noted in less than 1% of the patients treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. There have been reports of increased prothrombin time in patients receiving amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium and anticoagulant therapy concomitantly. [see Drug Interactions (7.2)]
Central Nervous System: Agitation, anxiety, behavioral changes, confusion, convulsions, dizziness, insomnia, and reversible hyperactivity have been reported.
Miscellaneous: Tooth discoloration (brown, yellow, or gray staining) has been reported. Most reports occurred in pediatric patients. Discoloration was reduced or eliminated with brushing or dental cleaning in most cases.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Probenecid
Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin but does not delay renal excretion of clavulanic acid. Concurrent use with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium may result in increased and prolonged blood concentrations of amoxicillin. Coadministration of probenecid is not recommended.
7.2 Oral Anticoagulants
Abnormal prolongation of prothrombin time (increased international normalized ratio [INR]) has been reported in patients receiving amoxicillin and oral anticoagulants. Appropriate monitoring should be undertaken when anticoagulants are prescribed concurrently with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. Adjustments in the dose of oral anticoagulants may be necessary to maintain the desired level of anticoagulation.
7.3 Allopurinol
The concurrent administration of allopurinol and amoxicillin increases the incidence of rashes in patients receiving both drugs as compared to patients receiving amoxicillin alone. It is not known whether this potentiation of amoxicillin rashes is due to allopurinol or the hyperuricemia present in these patients.
7.4 Oral Contraceptives
Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium may affect intestinal flora, leading to lower estrogen reabsorption and reduced efficacy of combined oral estrogen/progesterone contraceptives.
7.5 Effects on Laboratory Tests
High urine concentrations of amoxicillin may result in false-positive reactions when testing for the presence of glucose in urine using CLINITEST®, Benedict’s Solution, or Fehling’s Solution. Since this effect may also occur with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, it is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions be used.
Following administration of amoxicillin to pregnant women, a transient decrease in plasma concentration of total conjugated estriol, estriol-glucuronide, conjugated estrone, and estradiol has been noted.
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies performed in pregnant rats and mice given amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (2:1 ratio formulation of amoxicillin:clavulanate) at oral doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. The amoxicillin doses in rats and mice (based on body surface area) were approximately 4 and 2 times the maximum recommended adult human oral dose (875 mg/125 mg every 12 hours). For clavulanate, these dose multiples were approximately 9 and 4 times the maximum recommended adult human oral dose (125 mg every 8 hours). There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
8.2 Labor and Delivery
Oral ampicillin-class antibiotics are poorly absorbed during labor. It is not known whether use of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium in humans during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, prolongs the duration of labor, or increases the likelihood of the necessity for an obstetrical intervention.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Amoxicillin has been shown to be excreted in human milk. Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium use by nursing mothers may lead to sensitization of infants. Caution should be exercised when amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is administered to a nursing woman.
8.4 Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) have been established in pediatric patients. Use of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) in pediatric patients is supported by evidence from studies of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets in adults with additional data from a study of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension in pediatric patients aged 2 months to 12 years with acute otitis media. [see Clinical Studies (14.2)]
Because of incompletely developed renal function in neonates and young infants, the elimination of amoxicillin may be delayed; clavulanate elimination is unaltered in this age group. Dosing of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) should be modified in pediatric patients aged < 12 weeks (< 3 months). [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]
8.5 Geriatric Use
Of the 3,119 patients in an analysis of clinical studies of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, 32% were ≥ 65 years old, and 14% were ≥ 75 years old. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
8.6 Dosing in Renal Impairment
Amoxicillin is primarily eliminated by the kidney and dosage adjustment is usually required in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 mL/min). See Patients With Renal Impairment (2.3) for specific recommendations in patients with renal impairment.
10 OVERDOSAGE
In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically, and institute supportive measures as required. A prospective study of 51 pediatric patients at a poison-control center suggested that overdosages of less than 250 mg/kg of amoxicillin are not associated with significant clinical symptoms1.
Interstitial nephritis resulting in oliguric renal failure has been reported in patients after overdosage with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium.
Crystalluria, in some cases leading to renal failure, has also been reported after amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium overdosage in adult and pediatric patients. In case of overdosage, adequate fluid intake and diuresis should be maintained to reduce the risk of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium crystalluria.
Renal impairment appears to be reversible with cessation of drug administration. High blood levels may occur more readily in patients with impaired renal function because of decreased renal clearance of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium may be removed from circulation by hemodialysis. [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]
11 DESCRIPTION
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension, and Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets (Chewable) are oral antibacterial combinations consisting of the semisynthetic antibiotic amoxicillin, USP and the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate potassium, USP (the potassium salt of clavulanic acid). Amoxicillin, USP is an analog of ampicillin, derived from the basic penicillin nucleus, 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Chemically, amoxicillin, USP is (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-(-)-2-Amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate and has the following structural formula:
C16H19N3O5S•3H2O M.W. 419.45
Clavulanic acid is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a beta-lactam structurally related to the penicillins and possesses the ability to inactivate some beta-lactamases by blocking the active sites of these enzymes. Chemically, clavulanate potassium, USP is potassium (Z)-(2R,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-heptane-2-carboxylate, and has the following structural formula:
C8H8KNO5 M.W. 237.25
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP
Each tablet contains 500 mg or 875 mg amoxicillin, USP as the trihydrate and 125 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt. Each Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet USP contains 0.63 mEq potassium.
Inactive Ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polydextrose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, titanium dioxide, and triacetin.
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP
After reconstitution each teaspoonful (5 mL) of suspension will contain 200 mg amoxicillin, USP as the trihydrate and 28.5 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt or 400 mg amoxicillin, USP as the trihydrate and 57 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt. Each 5 mL of reconstituted Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, 200 mg/28.5 mg per 5 mL contains 0.14 mEq potassium. Each 5 mL of reconstituted Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium for Oral Suspension USP, 400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL contains 0.29 mEq of potassium.
Inactive Ingredients: Powder for oral suspension: artificial raspberry powder, aspartame*, citric acid, colloidal silicon dioxide, mannitol, hypromellose, natural orange flavor, sodium citrate, sodium saccharin and xanthan gum.
* See Warnings and Precautions (5.6).
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP (Chewable)
Each chewable tablet contains 200 mg amoxicillin, USP as the trihydrate and 28.5 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt or contains 400 mg amoxicillin, USP as the trihydrate and 57 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt. Each Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet USP, (Chewable) 200 mg/28.5 mg contains 0.14 mEq potassium. Each Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablet USP, (Chewable) 400 mg/57 mg contains 0.29 mEq potassium.
Inactive Ingredients: aspartame*, colloidal silicon dioxide, FD&C Red #40 lake, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, SA84 artificial ripe banana flavor, and artificial cherry flavor powder.
* See Warnings and Precautions (5.6).
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) are antibacterial drugs. [see Microbiology 12.4]
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Mean amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium pharmacokinetic parameters in normal adults following administration of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets are shown in Table 3 and following administration of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium powder for oral suspension and chewable tablets are shown in Table 4.
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Table 3: Mean (±S.D.) Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Pharmacokinetic Parameters
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Dose and Regimen |
Cmax (mcg/mL) |
AUC0 to 24 (mcg*h/mL) |
||
|
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium |
Amoxicillin |
Clavulanate Potassium |
Amoxicillin |
Clavulanate Potassium |
|
250 mg/125 mg every 8 hours |
3.3 ± 1.12 |
1.5 ± 0.70 |
26.7 ± 4.56 |
12.6 ± 3.25 |
|
500 mg/125 mg every 12 hours |
6.5 ± 1.41 |
1.8 ± 0.61 |
33.4 ± 6.76 |
8.6 ± 1.95 |
|
500 mg/125 mg every 8 hours |
7.2 ± 2.26 |
2.4 ± 0.83 |
53.4 ± 8.87 |
15.7 ± 3.86 |
|
875 mg/125 mg every 12 hours |
11.6 ± 2.78 |
2.2 ± 0.99 |
53.5 ± 12.31 |
10.2 ± 3.04 |
|
Table 4: Mean (±S.D.) Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Pharmacokinetic Parameters
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Dose |
Cmax (mcg/mL) |
AUC0 to 24 (mcg*h/mL) |
||
|
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium |
Amoxicillin |
Clavulanate Potassium |
Amoxicillin |
Clavulanate Potassium |
|
400 mg/57 mg (5 mL of suspension) |
6.94 ± 1.24 |
1.10 ± 0.42 |
17.29 ± 2.28 |
2.34 ± 0.94 |
|
400 mg/57 mg (1 chewable tablet) |
6.67 ± 1.37 |
1.03 ± 0.33 |
17.24 ± 2.64 |
2.17 ± 0.73 |
Oral administration of 5 mL of 250 mg/62.5 mg per 5 mL suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium or the equivalent dose of 10 mL of 125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium provides average peak serum concentrations approximately 1 hour after dosing of 6.9 mcg/mL for amoxicillin and 1.6 mcg/mL for clavulanic acid. The areas under the serum concentration curves obtained during the first 4 hours after dosing were 12.6 mcg*h/mL for amoxicillin and 2.9 mcg*h/mL for clavulanic acid when 5 mL of 250 mg/62.5 mg per 5 mL suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium or equivalent dose of 10 mL of 125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium were administered to normal adults. One 250 mg/62.5 mg chewable tablet of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium or two 125 mg/31.25 mg chewable tablets of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium are equivalent to 5 mL of 250 mg/62.5 mg per 5 mL suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium and provide similar serum concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.
Amoxicillin serum concentrations achieved with amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium are similar to those produced by the oral administration of equivalent doses of amoxicillin alone. Time above the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mcg/mL for amoxicillin has been shown to be similar after corresponding every 12 hour and every 8 hour dosing regimens of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium in adults and children.
Absorption
Dosing in the fasted or fed state has minimal effect on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin. While amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium can be given without regard to meals, absorption of clavulanate potassium when taken with food is greater relative to the fasted state. In one study, the relative bioavailability of clavulanate was reduced when amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium was dosed at 30 and 150 minutes after the start of a high-fat breakfast.
Distribution
Neither component in amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is highly protein-bound; clavulanic acid is approximately 25% bound to human serum and amoxicillin approximately 18% bound.
Amoxicillin diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids with the exception of the brain and spinal fluid.
Two hours after oral administration of a single 35 mg/kg dose of suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium to fasting children, average concentrations of 3 mcg/mL of amoxicillin and 0.5 mcg/mL of clavulanic acid were detected in middle ear effusions.
Metabolism and Excretion
The half-life of amoxicillin after the oral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is 1.3 hours and that of clavulanic acid is 1 hour.
Approximately 50% to 70% of the amoxicillin and approximately 25% to 40% of the clavulanic acid are excreted unchanged in urine during the first 6 hours after administration of a single 250 mg/125 mg or 500 mg/125 mg tablet of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium.
12.4 Microbiology
Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic with in vitro bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Amoxicillin is, however, susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamases, and therefore, the spectrum of activity does not include organisms which produce these enzymes. Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam, structurally related to the penicillins, which possesses the ability to inactivate some beta-lactamase enzymes commonly found in microorganisms resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. In particular, it has good activity against the clinically important plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases frequently responsible for transferred drug resistance.
The formulation of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) protects amoxicillin from degradation by some beta-lactamase enzymes and extends the antibiotic spectrum of amoxicillin to include many bacteria normally resistant to amoxicillin.
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Enterobacter species
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella species
Moraxella catarrhalis
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. However, the efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Viridans group Streptococcus
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Eikenella corrodens
Proteus mirabilis
Anaerobic Bacteria
Bacteroides species including Bacteroides fragilis
Fusobacterium species
Peptostreptococcus species
Susceptibility Test Methods
When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drug products used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug product for treatment.
Dilution Techniques
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method2,3 (broth and/or agar). The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 5.
Diffusion Techniques
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method3,4. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30 mcg amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20 mcg amoxicillin plus 10 mcg clavulanic acid) to test the susceptibility of bacteria to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The disc diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 5.
|
Table 5: Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid |
||
|
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) |
Disk Diffusion (Zone Diameters in mm) |
|
|
Pathogen |
S I R |
S I R |
|
Enterobacteriaceae |
8/4 16/8 32/16 |
> 18 14-17 < 13 |
|
Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus |
4/2 - 8/4 |
> 20 - < 19 |
Quality Control
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test2,3,4. Standard amoxicillin/clavulanic acid powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 6 for the diffusion technique using the 30 mcg amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20 mcg amoxicillin plus 10 mcg clavulanic acid) disk, the criteria in Table 6 should be achieved.
|
Table 6: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid |
||
|
QC Strain |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mcg/mL) |
Disk Diffusion (Zone Diameter in mm) |
|
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 |
2/1 to 8/4 |
18 to 24 |
|
Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 |
4/2 to 16/8 |
17 to 22 |
|
Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 |
2/1 to 16/8 |
15 to 23 |
|
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 |
0.12/0.06 to 0.5/0.25 |
- |
|
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29523 |
- |
28 to 36 |
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential.
Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (4:1 ratio formulation of amoxicillin:clavulanate) was non-mutagenic in the Ames bacterial mutation assay, and the yeast gene conversion assay. Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium was weakly positive in the mouse lymphoma assay, but the trend toward increased mutation frequencies in this assay occurred at doses that were also associated with decreased cell survival. Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium was negative in the mouse micronucleus test, and in the dominant lethal assay in mice. Potassium clavulanate alone was tested in the Ames bacterial mutation assay and in the mouse micronucleus test, and was negative in each of these assays.
Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) (2:1 ratio formulation of amoxicillin:clavulanate) at oral doses of up to 1,200 mg/kg/day was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance in rats. Based on body surface area, this dose of amoxicillin is approximately 4 times the maximum recommended adult human oral dose (875 mg every 12 hours). For clavulanate, the dose multiple is approximately 9 times higher than the maximum recommended adult human oral dose (125 mg every 8 hours), also based on body surface area.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Lower Respiratory Tract and Complicated Urinary Tract Infections
Data from 2 pivotal trials in 1,191 patients treated for either lower respiratory tract infections or complicated urinary tract infections compared a regimen of 875 mg/125 mg amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets every 12 hours to 500 mg/125 mg amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets dosed every 8 hours (584 and 607 patients, respectively). Comparable efficacy was demonstrated between the every 12 hours and every 8 hours dosing regimens. There was no significant difference in the percentage of adverse events in each group. The most frequently reported adverse event was diarrhea; incidence rates were similar for the 875 mg/125 mg every 12 hours and 500 mg/125 mg every 8 hours dosing regimens (15% and 14%, respectively); however, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in rates of severe diarrhea or withdrawals with diarrhea between the regimens: 1% for 875 mg/125 mg every 12 hours regimen versus 2% for the 500 mg/125 mg every 8 hours regimen.
In one of these pivotal trials, patients with either pyelonephritis (n = 361) or a complicated urinary tract infection (i.e., patients with abnormalities of the urinary tract that predispose to relapse of bacteriuria following eradication, n = 268) were randomized (1:1) to receive either 875 mg/125 mg amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets every 12 hours (n = 308) or 500 mg/125 mg amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets every 8 hours (n = 321).
The number of bacteriologically evaluable patients was comparable between the two dosing regimens. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets produced comparable bacteriological success rates in patients assessed 2 to 4 days immediately following end of therapy. The bacteriologic efficacy rates were comparable at one of the follow-up visits (5 to 9 days post-therapy) and at a late post-therapy visit (in the majority of cases, this was 2 to 4 weeks post-therapy), as seen in Table 7.
Table 7: Bacteriologic Efficacy Rates for Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets
|
Time Post Therapy |
875 mg/125 mg
|
500 mg/125 mg
|
|
2 to 4 days |
81% (58) |
80% (54) |
|
5 to 9 days |
58% (41) |
52% (52) |
|
2 to 4 weeks |
52% (101) |
55% (104) |
As noted before, though there was no significant difference in the percentage of adverse events in each group, there was a statistically significant difference in rates of severe diarrhea or withdrawals with diarrhea between the regimens.
14.2 Acute Bacterial Otitis Media and Diarrhea in Pediatric Patients
One U.S./Canadian clinical trial was conducted which compared 45/6.4 mg/kg/day (divided every 12 hours) of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension for 10 days versus 40/10 mg/kg/day (divided every 8 hours) of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension for 10 days in the treatment of acute otitis media. Only the suspension formulations were used in this trial. A total of 575 pediatric patients (aged 2 months to 12 years) were enrolled, with an even distribution among the 2 treatment groups and a comparable number of patients were evaluable (i.e., ≥ 84%) per treatment group. Otitis media-specific criteria were required for eligibility and a strong correlation was found at the end of therapy and follow-up between these criteria and physician assessment of clinical response. The clinical efficacy rates at the end of therapy visit (defined as 2 to 4 days after the completion of therapy) and at the follow-up visit (defined as 22 to 28 days post-completion of therapy) were comparable for the 2 treatment groups, with the following cure rates obtained for the evaluable patients: At end of therapy, 87% (n = 265) and 82% (n = 260) for 45 mg/kg/day every 12 hours and 40 mg/kg/day every 8 hours, respectively. At follow-up, 67% (n = 249) and 69% (n = 243) for 45 mg/kg/day every 12 hours and 40 mg/kg/day every 8 hours, respectively.
Diarrhea was defined as either: (a) 3 or more watery or 4 or more loose/watery stools in 1 day; OR (b) 2 watery stools per day or 3 loose/watery stools per day for 2 consecutive days. The incidence of diarrhea was significantly lower in patients who received the every 12 hours regimen compared to patients who received the every 8 hours regimen (14% and 34%, respectively). In addition, the number of patients with either severe diarrhea or who were withdrawn with diarrhea was significantly lower in the every 12 hours treatment group (3% and 8% for the every 12 hours/10 day and every 8 hours/10 day, respectively). In the every 12 hours treatment group, 3 patients (1%) were withdrawn with an allergic reaction, while 1 patient in the every 8 hours group was withdrawn for this reason. The number of patients with a candidal infection of the diaper area was 4% and 6% for the every 12 hours and every 8 hours groups, respectively.
It is not known if the finding of a statistically significant reduction in diarrhea with the oral suspensions dosed every 12 hours, versus suspensions dosed every 8 hours, can be extrapolated to the chewable tablets. The presence of mannitol in the chewable tablets may contribute to a different diarrhea profile. The every 12 hour oral suspensions (200 mg/25.8 mg per 5 mL and 400 mg/57 mg per 5 mL) are sweetened with aspartame.
15 REFERENCES
-
1. Swanson-Biearman B, Dean BS, Lopez G, Krenzelok EP. The effects of penicillin and cephalosporin ingestions in children less than six years of age. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988; 30: 66-67. -
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard – 8th ed. CLSI Document M7-A9. CLSI, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, PA, 19087, 2012. -
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests;Approved Standard – 11th ed. CLSI Document M2-A11. CLSI, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, PA, 19087, 2012. -
4. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: 22nd Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S22. CLSI, Wayne, PA, 2012.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium Tablets USP are supplied as follows:
500 mg/125 mg: White, oblong-shaped, biconvex, film-coated, unscored tablets, debossed 93 on one side and 2274 on the other side. Each tablet contains 500 mg amoxicillin, USP as the trihydrate and 125 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt. They are available in bottles of 20 tablets.
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure (as required). Advise patients to keep in a closed container.
KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
17.1 Information for Patients
Patients should be informed that amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) may be taken every 8 hours or every 12 hours, depending on the dose prescribed. Each dose should be taken with a meal or snack to reduce the possibility of gastrointestinal upset.
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable), should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Counsel patients that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterials, and it usually ends when the antibacterial is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibacterials, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as 2 or more months after having taken their last dose of the antibacterial. If diarrhea is severe or lasts more than 2 or 3 days, patients should contact their physician.
Patients should be advised to keep suspension refrigerated. Shake well before using. When dosing a child with the suspension (liquid) of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, use a dosing spoon or medicine dropper. Be sure to rinse the spoon or dropper after each use. Bottles of suspension of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium may contain more liquid than required. Follow your doctor’s instructions about the amount to use and the days of treatment your child requires. Discard any unused medicine.
Patients should be aware that amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for oral suspension, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (chewable) contain a penicillin class drug product that can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
All brand names listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Teva Pharmaceuticals USA.
Manufactured In Canada By:
TEVA CANADA LIMITED
Toronto, Canada M1B 2K9
Manufactured For:
TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA
Sellersville, PA 18960
Rev. A 7/2013
Repackaged by:
PROFICIENT RX LP
Westlake Village, CA 91362
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate PotassiumAmoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium TABLET, FILM COATED
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