Amoxicillin
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use Amoxicillin Capsules, Tablets and Powder for Oral Suspension, USP safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for Amoxicillin Capsules, Tablets and Powder for Oral Suspension, USP.Amoxicillin Capsules, Tablets, and Powder for Oral Suspension, USPInitial U.S. Approval: 1974 INDICATIONS AND USAGEAmoxicillin is a penicillin-class antibacterial indicated for treatment of infections due to susceptible strains of designated microorganisms. •Infections of the ear, nose, throat, genitourinary tract, skin and skin structure, and lower respiratory tract. (1.1 – 1.5) •In combination for treatment of H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease. (1.6, 1.7) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION •In adults, 750-1750 mg/day in divided doses every 8-12 hours. In Pediatric Patients > 3 Months of Age, 20-45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8-12 hours. Refer to full prescribing information for specific dosing regimens. (2.1, 2.2, 2.3) •Treatment of gonorrhea is 3 grams as a single oral dose. (2.1) • The upper dose for neonates and infants ≤ 3 months is 30 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours. (2.2) •Dosing for H. pylori Infection: Triple therapy: 1 gram amoxicillin, 500 mg clarithromycin, and 30 mg lansoprazole, all given twice daily (every 12 hours) for 14 days. Dual therapy: 1 gram amoxicillin and 30 mg lansoprazole, each given three times daily (every 8 hours) for 14 days. (2.3) •Reduce the dose in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 1%) observed in clinical trials of amoxicillin capsules, tablets or oral suspension were diarrhea, rash, vomiting, and nausea. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sandoz Inc., at 1-800-525-8747 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch DRUG INTERACTIONS •Probenicid decreases renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin which may result in increased blood levels of amoxicillin. (7.1) •Concomitant use of amoxicillin and oral anticoagulants may increase the prolongation of prothrombin time. (7.2) •Coadministration with allopurinol increases the risk of rash. (7.3) •Amoxicillin may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. (7.4) USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS •Pediatric: Modify dose in patients 12 weeks or younger (≤ 3 months). (8.4)
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
- 1 AMOXICILLIN INDICATIONS AND USAGE
- 1.1 Infections of the ear, nose, and throat
- 1.2 Infections of the genitourinary tract
- 1.3 Infections of the skin and skin structure
- 1.4 Infections of the lower respiratory tract
- 1.5 Gonorrhea, acute uncomplicated (ano-genital and urethral infections in males and females)
- 1.6 Triple therapy for with clarithromycin and lansoprazole
- 1.7 Dual therapy for with lansoprazole
- 2 AMOXICILLIN DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- 4 AMOXICILLIN CONTRAINDICATIONS
- 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
- 6 AMOXICILLIN ADVERSE REACTIONS
- 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
- 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
- 10 OVERDOSAGE
- 11 AMOXICILLIN DESCRIPTION
- 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
- 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
- 14 CLINICAL STUDIES
- 15 REFERENCES
- 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
- 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
- 250 mg Capsule Label
- 500 mg Capsule Label
- 500 mg Tablet Label
- 875 mg Tablet Label
- 125 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
- 200 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
- 250 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
- 400 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of amoxicillin and other antibacterial drugs, amoxicillin should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY β-lactamase–negative) isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below:
1.1 Infections of the ear, nose, and throat
– due to Streptococcus species. (α- and β-hemolytic isolates only), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., or Haemophilus influenzae.
1.2 Infections of the genitourinary tract
– due to Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, or Enterococcus faecalis.
1.3 Infections of the skin and skin structure
– due to Streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic isolates only), Staphylococcus spp., or E. coli.
1.4 Infections of the lower respiratory tract
– due to Streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic isolates only), S. pneumoniae , Staphylococcus spp., or H. influenzae.
1.5 Gonorrhea, acute uncomplicated (ano-genital and urethral infections in males and females)
– due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Because of high rates of amoxicillin resistance, amoxicillin is not recommended for empiric treatment of gonorrhea. Amoxicillin use should be limited to situations where N. gonorrhoeae isolates are known to be susceptible to amoxicillin.
1.6 Triple therapy for with clarithromycin and lansoprazole
Amoxicillin, in combination with clarithromycin plus lansoprazole as triple therapy, is indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or 1-year history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate H. pylori. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.
1.7 Dual therapy for with lansoprazole
Amoxicillin, in combination with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules as dual therapy, is indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or 1-year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin or in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected. (See the clarithromycin package insert, MICROBIOLOGY.) Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Dosing for Adult and Pediatric Patients > 3 Months of Age
Except for gonorrhea, treatment should be continued for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours beyond the time that the patient becomes asymptomatic or evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained. It is recommended that there be at least 10 days’ treatment for any infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes to prevent the occurrence of acute rheumatic fever. In some infections, therapy may be required for several weeks. It may be necessary to continue clinical and/or bacteriological follow-up for several months after cessation of therapy.
| Infection | Severity |
Usual Adult Dose | Usual Dose for Children > 3 Months |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mild/Moderate |
|
|
|
Severe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours |
|
Gonorrhea Acute, uncomplicated ano-genital and urethral infections in males and females |
3 grams as single oral dose |
Prepubertal children: 50 mg/kg amoxicillin, combined with 25 mg/kg probenecid as a single dose. Note: since probenecid is contraindicated in children under 2 years, do not use this regimen in children under 2 years of age. |
2.2 Dosing in Neonates and Infants Aged ≤ 12 Weeks (≤ 3 Months)
Treatment should be continued for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours beyond the time that the patient becomes asymptomatic or evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained. It is recommended that there be at least 10 days’ treatment for any infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes to prevent the occurrence of acute rheumatic fever. Due to incompletely developed renal function affecting elimination of amoxicillin in this age group, the recommended upper dose of amoxicillin is 30 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours. There are currently no dosing recommendations for pediatric patients with impaired renal function.
2.3 Dosing for Infection
Triple therapy: The recommended adult oral dose is 1 gram amoxicillin, 500 mg clarithromycin, and 30 mg lansoprazole, all given twice daily (every 12 hours) for 14 days.
Dual therapy: The recommended adult oral dose is 1 gram amoxicillin and 30 mg lansoprazole, each given three times daily (every 8 hours) for 14 days.
Please refer to clarithromycin and lansoprazole full prescribing information.
2.4 Dosing in Renal Impairment
-
• Patients with impaired renal function do not generally require a reduction in dose unless the impairment is severe. -
• Severely impaired patients with a glomerular filtration rate of < 30 mL/min. should not receive a 875-mg dose. -
• Patients with a glomerular filtration rate of 10 to 30 mL/min should receive 500 mg or 250 mg every 12 hours, depending on the severity of the infection. -
• Patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 10 mL/min should receive 500 mg or 250 mg every 24 hours, depending on severity of the infection. -
• Hemodialysis patients should receive 500 mg or 250 mg every 24 hours, depending on severity of the infection. They should receive an additional dose both during and at the end of dialysis.
2.5 Directions for Mixing Oral Suspension
Tap bottle until all powder flows freely. Add approximately 1/3 of the total amount of water for reconstitution (see Table 2) and shake vigorously to wet powder. Add remainder of the water and again shake vigorously.
| Strength | Bottle Size | Amount of Water Required for Reconstitution |
|---|---|---|
|
Oral Suspension 125 mg/5 mL |
80 mL |
55 mL |
|
100 mL |
68 mL |
|
|
150 mL |
102 mL |
|
|
Oral Suspension 200 mg/5 mL |
50 mL |
34 mL |
|
75 mL |
51 mL |
|
|
100 mL |
68 mL |
|
|
Oral Suspension 250 mg/5 mL |
80 mL |
55 mL |
|
100 mL |
68 mL |
|
|
150 mL |
102 mL |
|
|
Oral Suspension 400 mg/5 mL |
50 mL |
34 mL |
|
75 mL |
51 mL |
|
|
100 mL |
68 mL |
After reconstitution, the required amount of suspension should be placed directly on the child’s tongue for swallowing. Alternate means of administration are to add the required amount of suspension to formula, milk, fruit juice, water, ginger ale, or cold drinks. These preparations should then be taken immediately.
NOTE: SHAKE ORAL SUSPENSION WELL BEFORE USING. Keep bottle tightly closed. Any unused portion of the reconstituted suspension must be discarded after 14 days. Refrigeration is preferable, but not required.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Capsules: 250 mg, 500 mg.
Each amoxicillin capsule, with yellow opaque cap and body, contains 250 mg or 500 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate. The 250 mg capsule is imprinted AMOX 250 on one side and GG 848 on the other side; the 500 mg capsule is imprinted AMOX 500 on one side and GG 849 on the other side.
Tablets: 500 mg, 875 mg.
Each film coated tablet contains 500 mg or 875 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate. The tablets are oval-shaped, unscored and white to yellowish. The 500 mg tablet is embossed GG-961 on one side and 500 on the other side. The 875 mg tablet is embossed GG-962 on one side and 875 on the other side.
For Oral Suspension: 125 mg/5 mL, 200 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL, 400 mg/5 mL.
Each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension contains 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg or 400 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Amoxicillin is contraindicated in patients who have experienced a serious hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to amoxicillin or to other β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins and cephalosporins).
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
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5.1 Anaphylactic Reactions
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients on penicillin therapy including amoxicillin. Although anaphylaxis is more frequent following parenteral therapy, it has occurred in patients on oral penicillins. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity and/or a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens.
There have been reports of individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity who have experienced severe reactions when treated with cephalosporins. Before initiating therapy with amoxicillin, careful inquiry should be made regarding previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins, or other allergens.
5.2 Associated Diarrhea
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including amoxicillin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile .
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
5.3 Potential for Microbial Overgrowth or Bacterial Resistance
The possibility of superinfections with fungal or bacterial pathogens should be considered during therapy.
If superinfections occur, amoxicillin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
Prescribing amoxicillin either in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient, and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
5.4 Use in Patients With Mononucleosis
A high percentage of patients with mononucleosis who receive amoxicillin develop an erythematous skin rash. Thus amoxicillin should not be administered to patients with mononucleosis.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling:
-
• Anaphylactic reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] -
• CDAD [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)]
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The most common adverse reactions (> 1%) observed in clinical trials of amoxicillin capsules, tablets or oral suspension were diarrhea, rash, vomiting, and nausea.
Triple therapy : The most frequently reported adverse events for patients who received triple therapy (amoxicillin/clarithromycin/ lansoprazole) were diarrhea (7%), headache (6%), and taste perversion (5%).
Dual therapy : The most frequently reported adverse events for patients who received double therapy amoxicillin/lansoprazole were diarrhea (8%) and headache (7%). For more information on adverse reactions with clarithromycin or lansoprazole, refer to the Adverse Reactions section of their package inserts.
6.2 Postmarketing or Other Experience
In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been identified during postmarketing use of penicillins. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of their seriousness, frequency of reporting, or potential causal connection to amoxicillin.
-
• Infections and Infestations: Mucocutaneous candidiasis. -
• Gastrointestinal: Black hairy tongue, and hemorrhagic/pseudomembranous colitis. Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibacterial treatment [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)]. -
• Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylaxis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)]. Serum sickness–like reactions, erythematous maculopapular rashes, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, and urticaria have been reported. -
• Liver: A moderate rise in AST and/or ALT has been noted, but the significance of this finding is unknown. Hepatic dysfunction including cholestatic jaundice, hepatic cholestasis and acute cytolytic hepatitis have been reported. -
• Renal: Crystalluria has been reported [see Overdosage (10)]. -
• Hemic and Lymphatic Systems: Anemia, including hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, eosinophilia, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported. These reactions are usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy and are believed to be hypersensitivity phenomena. -
• Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, agitation, anxiety, insomnia, confusion, convulsions, behavioral changes, and/or dizziness have been reported. -
• Miscellaneous: Tooth discoloration (brown, yellow, or gray staining) has been reported. Most reports occurred in pediatric patients. Discoloration was reduced or eliminated with brushing or dental cleaning in most cases.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
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7.1 Probenecid
Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin. Concurrent use of amoxicillin and probenecid may result in increased and prolonged blood levels of amoxicillin.
7.2 Oral Anticoagulants
Abnormal prolongation of prothrombin time (increased international normalized ratio [INR]) has been reported in patients receiving amoxicillin and oral anticoagulants. Appropriate monitoring should be undertaken when anticoagulants are prescribed concurrently. Adjustments in the dose of oral anticoagulants may be necessary to maintain the desired level of anticoagulation.
7.3 Allopurinol
The concurrent administration of allopurinol and amoxicillin increases the incidence of rashes in patients receiving both drugs as compared to patients receiving amoxicillin alone. It is not known whether this potentiation of amoxicillin rashes is due to allopurinol or the hyperuricemia present in these patients.
7.4 Oral Contraceptives
Amoxicillin may affect the gut flora, leading to lower estrogen reabsorption and reduced efficacy of combined oral estrogen/progesterone contraceptives.
7.5 Other Antibacterials
Chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal effects of penicillin. This has been demonstrated in vitro; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is not well documented.
7.6 Effects on Laboratory Tests
High urine concentrations of ampicillin may result in false-positive reactions when testing for the presence of glucose in urine using CLINITEST®, Benedict’s Solution, or Fehling’s Solution. Since this effect may also occur with amoxicillin, it is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions (such as CLINISTIX®) be used.
Following administration of ampicillin or amoxicillin to pregnant women, a transient decrease in plasma concentration of total conjugated estriol, estriol-glucuronide, conjugated estrone, and estradiol has been noted.
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
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8.1 Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 2000 mg/kg (3 and 6 times the 3 g human dose, based on body surface area). There was no evidence of harm to the fetus due to amoxicillin. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, amoxicillin should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
8.2 Labor and Delivery
Oral ampicillin is poorly absorbed during labor. It is not known whether use of amoxicillin in humans during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, prolongs the duration of labor, or increases the likelihood of the necessity for an obstetrical intervention.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Penicillins have been shown to be excreted in human milk. Amoxicillin use by nursing mothers may lead to sensitization of infants. Caution should be exercised when amoxicillin is administered to a nursing woman.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Because of incompletely developed renal function in neonates and young infants, the elimination of amoxicillin may be delayed. Dosing of amoxicillin should be modified in pediatric patients 12 weeks or younger (≤ 3 months). [See Dosage and Administration (2.2).]
8.5 Geriatric Use
An analysis of clinical studies of amoxicillin was conducted to determine whether subjects aged 65 and over respond differently from younger subjects. These analyses have not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but a greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
8.6 Dosing in Renal Impairment
Amoxicillin is primarily eliminated by the kidney and dosage adjustment is usually required in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR <30 mL/min). See Dosing in Renal Impairment (2.4) for specific recommendations in patients with renal impairment.
10 OVERDOSAGE
In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically, and institute supportive measures as required. A prospective study of 51 pediatric patients at a poison-control center suggested that overdosages of less than 250 mg/kg of amoxicillin are not associated with significant clinical symptoms.
Interstitial nephritis resulting in oliguric renal failure has been reported in a small number of patients after overdosage with amoxicillin1.
Crystalluria, in some cases leading to renal failure, has also been reported after amoxicillin overdosage in adult and pediatric patients. In case of overdosage, adequate fluid intake and diuresis should be maintained to reduce the risk of amoxicillin crystalluria.
Renal impairment appears to be reversible with cessation of drug administration. High blood levels may occur more readily in patients with impaired renal function because of decreased renal clearance of amoxicillin. Amoxicillin may be removed from circulation by hemodialysis.
11 DESCRIPTION
Formulations of amoxicillin contain amoxicillin, a semisynthetic antibiotic, an analog of ampicillin, with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.
Chemically, it is (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-(-)-2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4- thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate. It may be represented structurally as:
The amoxicillin molecular formula is C16H19N3O5S • 3H2O, and the molecular weight is 419.45.
Amoxicillin Capsules, USP:
Each amoxicillin capsule, with yellow opaque cap and body, contains 250 mg or 500 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate. The 250 mg capsule is imprinted AMOX 250 on one side and GG 848 on the other side; the 500 mg capsule is imprinted AMOX 500 on one side and GG 849 on the other side. Inactive ingredients: Capsule shells - yellow ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, gelatin, black ferric oxide; Capsule contents - cellulose microcrystalline and magnesium stearate.
Meets USP Dissolution Test 2.
Amoxicillin Tablets, USP:
Each film coated tablet contains 500 mg or 875 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate. The tablets are oval-shaped, unscored and white to yellowish. The 500 mg tablet is embossed GG-961 on one side and 500 on the other side. The 875 mg tablet is embossed GG-962 on one side and 875 on the other side. In addition each amoxicillin tablet contains these inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, talc, triethyl citrate, and titanium dioxide.
Amoxicillin for Oral Suspension, USP:
Each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension contains 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg or 400 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate. Each 5 mL of the 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, and 400 mg reconstituted suspension contains 0.30 mEq (6.95 mg) of sodium.
Amoxicillin trihydrate for oral suspension 125 mg/5 mL, 200 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL and 400 mg/5 mL are fruity flavored pink suspensions. Inactive ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, colloidal silicon dioxide, flavorings: raspberry, strawberry, refrachessement, FD&C Red 40, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sucrose, and xantham gum.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
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12.1 Mechanism of Action
Amoxicillin is an antibacterial drug. [ see Microbiology (12.4)].
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Amoxicillin is stable in the presence of gastric acid and is rapidly absorbed after oraladministration. The effect of food on the absorption of amoxicillin from the tablets and suspension of amoxicillin has been partially investigated; 400-mg and 875-mg formulations have been studied only when administered at the start of a light meal.
Orally administered doses of 250-mg and 500-mg amoxicillin capsules result in average peak blood levels 1 to 2 hours after administration in the range of 3.5 mcg/mL to 5 mcg/mL and 5.5 mcg/mL to 7.5 mcg/mL, respectively.
Mean amoxicillin pharmacokinetic parameters from an open, two-part, single-dose crossover bioequivalence study in 27 adults comparing 875 mg of amoxicillin with 875 mg of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium showed that the 875-mg tablet of amoxicillin produces an AUC0-∞ of 35.4 ± 8.1 mcg•hr/mL and a Cmax of 13.8 ± 4.1 mcg/mL. Dosing was at the start of a light meal following an overnight fast.
Orally administered doses of amoxicillin suspension, 125 mg/5 mL and 250 mg/5 mL, result in average peak blood levels 1 to 2 hours after administration in the range of 1.5 mcg/mL to 3 mcg/mL and 3.5 mcg/mL to 5 mcg/mL, respectively.
Oral administration of single doses of 400-mg chewable tablets and 400 mg/5 mL suspension of amoxicillin to 24 adult volunteers yielded comparable pharmacokinetic data:
|
Dose
|
AUC0-∞ ( mcg•hr /mL) |
Cmax
(mcg/mL)
|
|---|---|---|
|
Amoxicillin |
Amoxicillin (±S.D.) |
Amoxicillin (±S.D.) |
|
400 mg (5 mL of suspension) |
17.1 (3.1) |
5.92 (1.62) |
|
400 mg (1 chewable tablet) |
17.9 (2.4) |
5.18 (1.64) |
Distribution: Amoxicillin diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids, with the exception of brain and spinal fluid, except when meninges are inflamed. In blood serum, amoxicillin is approximately 20% protein-bound. Following a 1-gram dose and utilizing a special skin window technique to determine levels of the antibiotic, it was noted that therapeutic levels were found in the interstitial fluid.
Metabolism and Excretion: The half-life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes. Approximately 60% of an orally administered dose of amoxicillin is excreted in the urine within 6 to 8 hours. Detectable serum levels are observed up to 8 hours after an orally administered dose of amoxicillin. Since most of the amoxicillin is excreted unchanged in the urine, its excretion can be delayed by concurrent administration of probenecid [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ( 7.1)].
12.4 Microbiology
Mechanism of Action
Amoxicillin is similar to penicillin in its bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria during the stage of active multiplication. It acts through the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis that leads to the death of the bacteria.
Method of Resistance
Resistance to amoxicillin is mediated primarily through enzymes called beta-lactamases that cleave the beta-lactam ring of amoxicillin, rendering it inactive.
Amoxicillin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the bacteria listed below, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
| Gram-Positive Bacteria | Gram-Negative Bacteria |
|---|---|
|
Enterococcus faecalis |
Escherichia coli |
|
Staphylococcus spp. |
Haemophilus influenzae |
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
Alpha and β-hemolytic streptococci. |
Proteus mirabilis |
|
Helicobacter pylori |
Susceptibility Test Methods: (susceptibility to amoxicillin can be determined using ampicillin powder and a 10 mcg ampicillin disk)
When available, clinical microbiology should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antimicrobial drug product for treatment.
Dilution Techniques: Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on dilution methods (broth or agar)2,3 or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of ampicillin powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria in Table 4.
Diffusion Techniques: Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure3 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 10 mcg ampicillin to test the susceptibility of bacteria to ampicillin. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for amoxicillin. Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 10 mcg ampicillin disk should be interpreted according to the criteria listed in Table 4.
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mcg/mL) |
Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible | Intermediate | Resistant | Susceptible | Intermediate | Resistant | |
|
Enterococcus spp. |
≤ 8 |
- |
≥ 16 |
≥ 17 |
- |
≤ 16 |
|
Staphylococcus spp. |
≤ 0.25 |
≥ 0.5 |
≥ 29 |
≤ 28 |
||
|
Streptococci, viridians group (alpha-hemolytic streptococci) |
≤ 0.25 |
0.5 to 4 |
≥ 8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
β-hemolytic streptococci |
≤ 0.25 |
- |
- |
≥ 24 |
- |
- |
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae (non-meningitis isolates) |
≤ 2 |
4 |
≥ 8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Enterobacteriaceae |
≤ 8 |
16 |
≥ 32 |
≥ 17 |
14 to 16 |
≤ 13 |
|
Haemophilus influenzae |
≤ 1 |
2 |
≥ 4 |
≥ 22 |
19 to 21 |
≤ 18 |
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
A report of “Susceptible” indicates the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches concentrations that are usually achievable. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. The intermediate category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. The intermediate category also provides a buffer zone, which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches concentrations that are usually achievable and other therapy(ies) are likely to be preferred.
Quality Control
Susceptibility techniques require use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory standardized procedures.2 ,3,4 Standard ampicillin powder should provide the MIC values described below. For the diffusion technique using the 10-mcg ampicillin disk, the criteria are provided in Table 5.
| Bacteria |
ATCC
|
MIC Range (mcg/mL) | Disc Diffusion Zone Range (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Escherichia coli |
25922 |
2 to 8 |
16 to 22 |
|
Enterococcus faecalis |
29212 |
0.5 to 2 |
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae |
49247 |
2 to 8 |
13 to 21 |
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
29213 |
0.5 to 2 |
|
|
25923 |
27 to 35 |
||
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
49619 |
0.06 to 0.25 |
Susceptibility Testing for Helicobacter pylori: Amoxicillin in vitro susceptibility testing methods for determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and zone sizes have not been standardized, validated, or approved for testing H. pylori. Specimens for H. pylori and clarithromycin susceptibility test results should be obtained on isolates from patients who fail triple therapy. If clarithromycin resistance is found, a non-clarithromycin-containing regimen should be used.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
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13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. Studies to detect mutagenic potential of amoxicillin alone have not been conducted; however, the following information is available from tests on a 4:1 mixture of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium was nonmutagenic in the Ames bacterial mutation assay, and the yeast gene conversion assay. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium was weakly positive in the mouse lymphoma assay, but the trend toward increased mutation frequencies in this assay occurred at doses that were also associated with decreased cell survival. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium was negative in the mouse micronucleus test and in the dominant lethal assay in mice. Potassium clavulanate alone was tested in the Ames bacterial mutation assay and in the mouse micronucleus test, and was negative in each of these assays. In a multi-generation reproduction study in rats, no impairment of fertility or other adverse reproductive effects were seen at doses up to 500 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the 3 g human dose based on body surface area).
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
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14.1 Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence
Randomized, double-blind clinical studies performed in the United States in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within 1 year) evaluated the efficacy of lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin capsules and clarithromycin tablets as triple 14-day therapy, or in combination with amoxicillin capsules as dual 14-day therapy, for the eradication of H. pylori. Based on the results of these studies, the safety and efficacy of 2 different eradication regimens were established: Triple therapy: Amoxicillin 1 gram twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily/lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily (see Table 6). Dual therapy: Amoxicillin 1 gram three times daily/lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily (see Table 7).
All treatments were for 14 days. H. pylori eradication was defined as 2 negative tests (culture and histology) at 4 to 6 weeks following the end of treatment. Triple therapy was shown to be more effective than all possible dual therapy combinations. Dual therapy was shown to be more effective than both monotherapies.
Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.
| Study | Triple Therapy | Triple Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluable Analysis [95% Confidence Interval] (number of patients) |
Intent-to-Treat Analysis [95% Confidence Interval] (number of patients) |
|
|
Study 1 |
92 [80.0 - 97.7] (n = 48) |
86 [73.3 - 93.5] (n = 55) |
|
Study 2 |
86 [75.7 - 93.6] (n = 66) |
83 [72.0 - 90.8] (n = 70) |
| Study | Dual Therapy | Dual Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluable Analysis [95% Confidence Interval] (number of patients) |
Intent-to-Treat Analysis [95% Confidence Interval] (number of patients) |
|
|
Study 1 |
77 [62.5 - 87.2] (n = 51) |
70 [56.8 - 81.2] (n = 60) |
|
Study 2 |
66 [51.9 - 77.5] (n = 58) |
61 [48.5 - 72.9] (n = 67) |
15 REFERENCES
-
1. Swanson-Biearman B, Dean BS, Lopez G, Krenzelok EP. The effects of penicillin and cephalosporin ingestions in children less than six years of age. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988; 30: 66-67. -
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard – 8th ed. CLSI Document M7-A8, Vol. 29, No.2. CLSI, Wayne, PA, Jan. 2009. -
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard – 10th ed. CLSI Document M2-A10, Vol. 29, No. 1. CLSI, Wayne, PA, 2009. -
4. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: 21st Informational Supplement. Approved Standard CLSI Document M100-S21 CLSI, Wayne, PA, January 2011.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Amoxicillin Capsules, USP, for oral administration, contain 250 mg or 500 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate and are supplied as:
250 mg: yellow, opaque, hard gelatin capsules imprinted AMOX 250 on one side and GG 848 on the other side.
NDC 0781-2020-76............................................ bottles of 30 × 12's
NDC 0781-2020-01.................................................... bottles of 100
NDC 0781-2020-05.................................................... bottles of 500
500 mg: yellow, opaque, hard gelatin capsules imprinted AMOX 500 on one side and GG 849 on the other side.
NDC 0781-2613-76............................................ bottles of 30 × 12's
NDC 0781-2613-01.................................................... bottles of 100
NDC 0781-2613-05.................................................... bottles of 500
Amoxicillin Tablets, USP equivalent to 500 mg or 875 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate and are supplied as:
500 mg: oval-shaped, unscored, white to slightly yellowish film-coated tablets embossed GG-961 on one side and 500 on the other side.
NDC 0781-5060-20...................................................... bottles of 20
NDC 0781-5060-01.................................................... bottles of 100
NDC 0781-5060-05.................................................... bottles of 500
875 mg: oval-shaped, scored on one side, white to slightly yellowish film-coated tablets embossed GG-962 on one side and 875 on the other side.
NDC 0781-5061-20...................................................... bottles of 20
NDC 0781-5061-01.................................................... bottles of 100
NDC 0781-5061-05.................................................... bottles of 500
Amoxicillin for Oral Suspension, USP: Each 5 mL of reconstituted fruity flavored pink suspension contains 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg or 400 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate.
125 mg/5 mL
NDC 0781-6039-58...................................................... 80 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6039-46.................................................... 100 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6039-55.................................................... 150 mL bottle
200 mg/5 mL
NDC 0781-6156-52...................................................... 50 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6156-57...................................................... 75 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6156-46.................................................... 100 mL bottle
250 mg/5 mL
NDC 0781-6041-58...................................................... 80 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6041-46.................................................... 100 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6041-55.................................................... 150 mL bottle
400 mg/5 mL
NDC 0781-6157-52...................................................... 50 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6157-57...................................................... 75 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6157-46.................................................... 100 mL bottle
Store capsules, tablets and unreconstituted powder for oral suspension at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Dispense in a tight container.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
17.1 Information for Patients
-
• Patients should be advised that amoxicillin may be taken every 8 hours or every 12 hours, depending on the dose prescribed. -
• Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including amoxicillin, should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When amoxicillin is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by amoxicillin or other antibacterial drugs in the future. -
• Patients should be counseled that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics, and it usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as 2 or more months after having taken their last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible. -
• Patients should be aware that amoxicillin contains a penicillin class drug product that can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
CLINITEST® is a registered trademark of Miles, Inc.
CLINISTIX® is a registered trademark of Bayer Corporation.
CLOtest® is a registered trademark of Kimberly-Clark Corporation.
46108093
03-2013M
Manufactured in Austria by Sandoz GmbH for
Sandoz Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540
250 mg Capsule Label
NDC 0781-2020-31
Amoxicillin
Capsules,
USP
250 mg
Rx only
30 Capsules
SANDOZ
500 mg Capsule Label
NDC 0781-2613-31
Amoxicillin
Capsules,
USP
500 mg
Rx only
30 Capsules
SANDOZ
500 mg Tablet Label
NDC 0781-5060-20
Amoxicillin
Tablets, USP
500 mg
Rx only
20 Tablets
SANDOZ
875 mg Tablet Label
NDC 0781-5061-20
Amoxicillin
Tablets, USP
875 mg
Rx only
20 Tablets
SANDOZ
125 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
NDC 0781-6039-58
Amoxicillin
for Oral
Suspension, USP
125 mg/5 mL
When reconstituted, each 5 mL
(1 teaspoonful) will contain
amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent
to 125 mg amoxicillin.
80 mL Rx only
(when reconstituted)
SANDOZ
200 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
NDC 0781-6156-52
Amoxicillin
for Oral
Suspension, USP
200 mg/5 mL
When reconstituted, each 5 mL
(1 teaspoonful) will contain
amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent
to 200 mg amoxicillin.
50 mL Rx only
(when reconstituted)
SANDOZ
250 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
NDC 0781-6041-58
Amoxicillin
for Oral
Suspension, USP
250 mg/5 mL
When reconstituted, each 5 mL
(1 teaspoonful) will contain
amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent
to 250 mg amoxicillin.
80 mL Rx only
(when reconstituted)
SANDOZ
400 mg/5 mL Oral Suspension Label
NDC 0781-6157-52
Amoxicillin
for Oral
Suspension, USP
400 mg/5 mL
When reconstituted, each 5 mL
(1 teaspoonful) will contain
amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent
to 400 mg amoxicillin.
50 mL Rx only
(when reconstituted)
SANDOZ
AmoxicillinAmoxicillin CAPSULE
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AmoxicillinAmoxicillin CAPSULE
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AmoxicillinAmoxicillin TABLET, FILM COATED
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AmoxicillinAmoxicillin TABLET, FILM COATED
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AmoxicillinAmoxicillin POWDER, FOR SUSPENSION
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AmoxicillinAmoxicillin POWDER, FOR SUSPENSION
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AmoxicillinAmoxicillin POWDER, FOR SUSPENSION
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AmoxicillinAmoxicillin POWDER, FOR SUSPENSION
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