Dicyclomine
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION INDICATIONS AND USAGEDicyclomine hydrochloride is an antispasmodic and anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agent indicated for the treatment of functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome (1) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONDosage for dicyclomine hydrochloride must be adjusted to individual patient needs (2).If a dose is missed, patients should continue the normal dosing schedule (2). Oral in adults (2.1): Starting dose: 20 mg four times a day. After a week treatment with the starting dose, the dose may be escalated to 40 mg four times a day, unless side effects limit dosage escalation Discontinue dicyclomine hydrochloride if efficacy not achieved or side effects require doses less than 80 mg per day after two weeks of treatment DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Dicyclomine hydrochloride capsules 10 mg (3) Dicyclomine hydrochloride tablets 20 mg (3) CONTRAINDICATIONS Infants less than 6 months of age (4) Nursing mothers (4) Unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage (4) Myasthenia gravis (4) Glaucoma (4) Obstructive uropathy (4) Obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract (4) Severe ulcerative colitis (4) Reflux esophagitis (4) WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Cardiovascular conditions: worsening of conditions (5.2) Peripheral and central nervous system: heat prostration can occur with drug use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating); drug should be discontinued and supportive measures instituted (5.3) Psychosis in patients sensitive to anticholinergic drugs: signs and symptoms resolve within 12 to 24 hours after discontinuation of dicyclomine hydrochloride (5.3) Myasthenia Gravis: overdose may lead to muscular weakness and paralysis. Dicyclomine hydrochloride should be given to patients with myasthenia gravis only to reduce adverse muscarinic effects of an anticholinesterase (5.4) Incomplete intestinal obstruction: diarrhea may be an early symptom especially in patients with ileostomy or colostomy. Treatment with dicyclomine hydrochloride would be inappropriate and possibly fatal (5.5) Salmonella dysenteric patients: due to risk of toxic megacolon (5.6) Ulcerative colitis: dicyclomine hydrochloride should be used with caution in these patients; large doses may suppress intestinal motility or aggravate the serious complications of toxic megacolon (5.7) Prostatic hypertrophy: dicyclomine hydrochloride should be used with caution in these patients; may lead to urinary retention (5.8) Hepatic and renal disease: should be used with caution (5.9) Geriatric: use with caution in elderly who may be more susceptible to dicyclomine hydrochloride's adverse events (5.10) Side EffectsThe most serious adverse reactions include cardiovascular and central nervous system symptoms. The most common adverse reactions (>5% of patients) are dizziness, dry mouth, vision blurred, nausea, somnolence, asthenia and nervousness (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp. at 1-877-233-2001 or the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. DRUG INTERACTIONS Antiglaucoma agents: anticholinergics antagonize antiglaucoma agents and may increase intraoccular pressure (7) Anticholinergic agents: may affect the gastrointestinal absorption of various drugs; may also increase certain actions or side effects of other anticholinergic drugs (7) Antacids: interfere with the absorption of anticholinergic agents (7) USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy: use only if clearly needed (8.1); Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness not established (8.4); Hepatic and renal impairment: caution must be taken with patients with significantly impaired hepatic and renal function. (8.6)
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
- 1 DICYCLOMINE INDICATIONS AND USAGE
- 2 DICYCLOMINE DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- 4 DICYCLOMINE CONTRAINDICATIONS
- 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
- 6 DICYCLOMINE ADVERSE REACTIONS
- 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
- 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
- 10 OVERDOSAGE
- 11 DICYCLOMINE DESCRIPTION
- 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
- 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
- 14 CLINICAL STUDIES
- 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
- 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
- PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is indicated for the treatment of patients with functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Dosage must be adjusted to individual patient needs.
2.1 Oral Dosage and Administration in Adults
The recommended initial dose is 20 mg four times a day. After one week treatment with the initial dose, the dose may be increased to 40 mg four times a day unless side effects limit dosage escalation.
If efficacy is not achieved within 2 weeks or side effects require doses below 80 mg per day, the drug should be discontinued. Documented safety data are not available for doses above 80 mg daily for periods longer than 2 weeks.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- Dicyclomine Hydrochloride 10 mg capsules: dark blue capsules printed "West-ward 3126"
- Dicyclomine Hydrochloride 20 mg tablets: Blue, Round Tablets; Embossed "WW27"
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is contraindicated in infants less than 6 months of age [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] , nursing mothers [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] , and in patients with:
- unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage
- myasthenia gravis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
- glaucoma [see Adverse Reactions (6.3) and Drug Interactions (7.1)]
- obstructive uropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
- obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
- severe ulcerative colitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
- reflux esophagitis
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.2 Cardiovascular Conditions
Dicyclomine hydrochloride needs to be used with caution in conditions characterized by tachyarrhythmia such as thyrotoxicosis, congestive heart failure and in cardiac surgery, where they may further accelerate the heart rate. Investigate any tachycardia before administration of dicyclomine hydrochloride. Care is required in patients with coronary heart disease, as ischemia and infarction may be worsened, and in patients with hypertension [see Adverse Reactions (6.3)] .
5.3 Peripheral and Central Nervous System
The peripheral effects of dicyclomine hydrochloride are a consequence of their inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. They include dryness of the mouth with difficulty in swallowing and talking, thirst, reduced bronchial secretions, dilatation of pupils (mydriasis) with loss of accommodation (cycloplegia) and photophobia, flushing and dryness of the skin, transient bradycardia followed by tachycardia, with palpitations and arrhythmias, and difficulty in micturition, as well as reduction in the tone and motility of the gastrointestinal tract leading to constipation [see Adverse Reactions (6)] .
In the presence of a high environmental temperature heat prostration can occur with drug use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating). It should also be used cautiously in patients with fever. If symptoms occur, the drug should be discontinued and supportive measures instituted. Because of the inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors within the autonomic nervous system, caution should be taken in patients with autonomic neuropathy. Central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms include confusion, disorientation, short-term amnesia, hallucinations, dysarthria, ataxia, coma, euphoria, fatigue, insomnia, agitation and mannerisms, and inappropriate affect. Psychosis has been reported in sensitive individuals given anticholinergic drugs. These CNS signs and symptoms usually resolve within 12 to 24 hours after discontinuation of the drug
Dicyclomine hydrochloride may produce drowsiness, dizziness or blurred vision. The patient should be warned not to engage in activities requiring mental alertness, such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery or performing hazardous work while taking dicyclomine hydrochloride.
5.4 Myasthenia Gravis
With overdosage, a curare-like action may occur (i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and possible paralysis). It should not be given to patients with myasthenia gravis except to reduce adverse muscarinic effects of an anticholinesterase [see Contraindications (4)]
5.5 Intestinal Obstruction
Diarrhea may be an early symptom of incomplete intestinal obstruction, especially in patients with ileostomy or colostomy. In this instance, treatment with this drug would be inappropriate and possibly harmful [see Contraindications (4)] .
Rarely development of Ogilvie's syndrome (colonic pseudo-obstruction) has been reported. Ogilvie's syndrome is a clinical disorder with signs, symptoms, and radiographic appearance of an acute large bowel obstruction but with no evidence of distal colonic obstruction.
5.6 Toxic Dilatation of Intestinemegacolon
Toxic dilatation of intestine and intestinal perforation is possible when anticholinergic agents are administered in patients with Salmonella dysentery.
5.7 Ulcerative Colitis
Caution should be taken in patients with ulcerative colitis. Large doses may suppress intestinal motility to the point of producing a paralytic ileus and the use of this drug may precipitate or aggravate the serious complication of toxic megacolon [see Adverse Reactions (6.3)] . Dicyclomine hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients with severe ulcerative colitis [see Contraindications (4)] .
5.8 Prostatic Hypertrophy
Dicyclomine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with known or suspected prostatic enlargement, in whom prostatic enlargement may lead to urinary retention [see Adverse Reactions (6.3)]
5.9 Hepatic and Renal Disease
Dicyclomine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with known hepatic and renal impairment.
5.10 Geriatic Population
Dicyclomine hydrochloride should be used with caution in elderly who may be more susceptible to its adverse effects.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The pattern of adverse effects seen with dicyclomine is mostly related to its pharmacological actions at muscarinic receptors [ see Clinical Pharmacology (12) ]. They are a consequence of the inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors within the autonomic nervous system. These effects are dose-related and are usually reversible when treatment is discontinued.
The most serious adverse reactions reported with dicyclomine hydrochloride include cardiovascular and central nervous system symptoms [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.2,5.3) ].
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below reflect the exposure in controlled clinical trials involving over 100 patients treated for functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome with dicyclomine hydrochloride at initial doses of 160 mg daily (40 mg four times a day).
In these trials most of the side effects were typically anticholinergic in nature and were reported by 61% of the patients. Table 1 presents adverse reactions (MedDRA 13.0 preferred terms) by decreasing order of frequency in a side-by-side comparison with placebo.
Table 1: Adverse reactions experienced in controlled clinical trials with decreasing order of frequency
|
MedDRA |
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride |
Placebo % |
| Dry Mouth |
33 |
5 |
| Dizziness |
40 |
5 |
| Vision blurred |
27 |
2 |
| Nausea |
14 |
6 |
| Somnolence |
9 |
1 |
| Asthenia |
7 |
1 |
| Nervousness |
6 |
2 |
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions, presented by system organ class in alphabetical order, have been identified during post approval use of dicyclomine hydrochloride. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a casual relationship to drug exposure.
- Cardiac disorders: palpitations, tachyarrhythmias
- Eye disorders: cycloplegia, mydriasis, vision blurred
- Gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal distension, abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting
- General disorders and administration site conditions: fatigue, malaise
- Immune System Disorders: drug hypersensitivity including face edema, angioedema, anaphylactic shock
- Nervous system disorders: dizziness, headache, hallucinations insomnia, somnolence, syncope
- Psychiatric disorders: confusional state, nervousness
- Reproductive system and breast disorders: suppressed lactation
- Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: dyspnoea, nasal congestion
- Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorder: dermatitis allergic, erythema, rash
6.3 Side Effects Reported with Similar Drugs with Anticholinergic/Antispasmodic Action
Gastrointestinal: anorexia
Central Nervous System: tingling, numbness, dyskinesia, speech disturbance, insomnia
Peripheral Nervous System: With overdosage, a curare-like action may occur (i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and possible paralysis).
Ophthalmologic: diplopia, increased ocular tension
Dermatologic/Allergic: urticaria, itching, and other dermal manifestations;
Genitourinary: urinary hesitancy, urinary retention in patients with prostatic hypertrophy
Cardiovascular: hypertension
Respiratory: apnea
Other: decreased sweating, sneezing, throat congestion, impotence.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Antiglaucoma Agents
Anticholinergics antagonize the effects of antiglaucoma agents. Anticholinergic drugs in the presence of increased intraocular pressure may be hazardous when taken concurrently with agents such as corticosteroids. Use of dicyclomine hydrochloride in patients with glaucoma is not recommended [see Contraindications (4)] .
7.2 Other Drugs with Anticholinergic Activity
The following agents may increase certain actions or side effects of anticholinergic drugs including dicyclomine hydrochloride: amantadine, antiarrhythmic agents of Class I (e.g., quinidine), antihistamines, antipsychotic agents (e.g., phenothiazines), benzodiazepines, MAO inhibitors, narcotic analgesics (e.g., meperidine), nitrates and nitrites, sympathomimetic agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and other drugs having anticholinergic activity.
7.3 Other Gastrointestinal Motility Drugs
Interaction with other gastrointestinal motility drugs may antagonize the effects of drugs that alter gastrointestinal motility, such as metoclopramide.
7.4 Effect of Antacids
Because antacids may interfere with the absorption of anticholinergic agents including dicyclomine hydrochloride, simultaneous use of these drugs should be avoided.
7.5 Effect on Absorption of Other Drugs
Anticholinergic agents may affect the gastrointestinal absorption of various drugs by affecting the gastrointestinal motility, such as slowly dissolving dosage forms of digoxin; increased serum digoxin concentration may result.
7.6 Effect on Gastric Acid Secretion
The inhibiting effects of anticholinergic drugs on gastric hydrochloric acid secretion are antagonized by agents used to treat achlorhydria and those used to test gastric secretion.
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category B
Adequate and well-controlled studies have not been conducted with dicyclomine hydrochloride in pregnant women at the recommended doses of 80 to 160 mg/day. However, epidemiologic studies did not show an increased risk of structural malformations among babies born to women who took products containing dicyclomine hydrochloride at doses up to 40 mg/day during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses of up to 33 times the maximum recommended human dose based on 160 mg/day (3 mg/kg) and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to dicyclomine. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is contraindicated in women who are human milk feeding. Dicyclomine hydrochloride is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in human milk-fed infants from dicyclomine hydrochloride, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is contraindicated in infants less than 6 months of age. [see Contraindications (4)] There are published cases reporting that the administration of dicyclomine hydrochloride syrup to infants has been followed by serious respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, shortness of breath, breathlessness, respiratory collapse, apnea and asphyxia), seizures, syncope, pulse rate fluctuations, muscular hypotonia, and coma, and death, however; no causal relationship has been established.
8.5 Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of dicyclomine hydrochloride did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
8.6 Renal Impairment
Effects of renal impairment on PK, safety and efficacy of dicyclomine hydrochloride have not been studied. Dicyclomine hydrochloride drugs are known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Dicyclomine hydrochloride should be administered with caution in patients with renal impairment.
8.7 Hepatic Impairment
Effects of renal impairment on PK, safety and efficacy of dicyclomine hydrochloride have not been studied. Dicyclomine hydrochloride should be administered with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
10 OVERDOSAGE
In case of an overdose, patients should contact a physician, poison control center (1-800-222-1222), or emergency room.
The signs and symptoms of overdosage include: headache; nausea; vomiting; blurred vision; dilated pupils; hot, dry skin; dizziness; dryness of the mouth; difficulty in swallowing; and CNS stimulation including convulsion. A curare-like action may occur (i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and possible paralysis).
One reported event included a 37-year-old who reported numbness on the left side, cold fingertips, blurred vision, abdominal and flank pain, decreased appetite, dry mouth, and nervousness following ingestion of 320 mg daily (four 20 mg tablets four times daily.) These events resolved after discontinuing the dicyclomine.
The acute oral LD50 of the drug is 625 mg/kg in mice.
The amount of drug in a single dose that is ordinarily associated with symptoms of overdosage or that is likely to be life-threatening, has not been defined. The maximum human oral dose recorded was 600 mg by mouth in a 10-month-old child and approximately 1500 mg in an adult, each of whom survived. In three of the infants who died following administration of dicyclomine hydrochloride [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] , the blood concentrations of drug were 200, 220, and 505 ng/mL.
It is not known if dicyclomine hydrochloride is dialyzable.
Treatment should consist of gastric lavage, emetics, and activated charcoal. Sedatives (e.g., short-acting barbiturates, benzodiazepines) may be used for management of overt signs of excitement. If indicated, an appropriate parenteral cholinergic agent may be used as an antidote.
11 DESCRIPTION
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an antispasmodic and anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agent available in the following dosage forms:
- Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Capsules, USP for oral use contain 10 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride, USP. Dicyclomine hydrochloride 10 mg capsules also contain inactive ingredients: Corn Starch, Lactose Monohydrate, Magnesium Stearate, and Microcrystalline Cellulose. Capsule shells contain FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 4, and Gelatin. The imprinting ink contains Titanium Dioxide.
- Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Tablets, USP for oral use contain 20 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride, USP. Dicyclomine hydrochloride 20 mg tablets also contain inactive ingredients: Anhydrous Lactose, FD&C Blue No. 1, Lactose Monohydrate, Magnesium Stearate, and Microcrystalline Cellulose.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is [bicyclohexyl]-1-carboxylic acid, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl ester, hydrochloride, with a molecular formula of C19H35NO2•HCl and the following structural formula:
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Dicyclomine relieves smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract. Animal studies indicate that this action is achieved via a dual mechanism:
- A specific anticholinergic effect (antimuscarinic) at the acetylcholine-receptor sites with approximately 1/8 the milligram potency of atropine (in vitro, guinea pig ileum); and
- A direct effect upon smooth muscle (musculotropic) as evidenced by dicyclomine's antagonism of bradykinin- and histamine-induced spasms of the isolated guinea pig ileum.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
Dicyclomine hydrochloride can inhibit the secretion of saliva and sweat, decrease gastrointestinal secretions and motility, cause drowsiness, dilate the pupils, increase heart rate, and depress motor function.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption and Distribution
In man, dicyclomine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak values within 60-90 minutes. Mean volume of distribution for a 20 mg oral dose is approximately 3.65 L/kg suggesting extensive distribution in tissues.
Elimination
The metabolism of dicyclomine was not studied. The principal route of excretion is via the urine (79.5% of the dose). Excretion also occurs in the feces, but to a lesser extent (8.4%). Mean half-life of plasma elimination in one study was determined to be approximately 1.8 hours when plasma concentrations were measured for 9 hours after a single dose. In subsequent studies, plasma concentrations were followed for up to 24 hours after a single dose, showing a secondary phase of elimination with a somewhat longer half-life.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term animal studies have not been conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of dicyclomine. In studies in rats at doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day, dicyclomine produced no deleterious effects on breeding, conception, or parturition.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
In controlled clinical trials involving over 100 patients who received drug, 82% of patients treated for functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome with dicyclomine hydrochloride at initial doses of 160 mg daily (40 mg four times daily) demonstrated a favorable clinical response compared with 55% treated with placebo (p<0.05).
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Capsules, USP, 10 mg are supplied as dark blue capsules printed "West-ward 3126" and are available in:
Bottles of 100 capsules.
Bottles of 1000 capsules.
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Tablets, USP 20 mg are supplied as Blue, Round Tablets; Embossed "WW27" and are available in:
Bottles of 100 tablets.
Bottles of 1000 tablets.
Unit Dose Boxes of 100 tablets.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
17.2 Use in Infants
Inform parents and caregivers not to administer dicyclomine hydrochloride in infants less than 6 months of age [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] .
17.3 Use in Nursing Mothers
Advise lactating women that dicyclomine hydrochloride should not be used while human milk feeding their infants [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3, 8.4)] .
17.4 Peripheral and Central Nervous System
In the presence of a high environmental temperature, heat prostration can occur with dicyclomine hydrochloride use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating). If symptoms occur, the drug should be discontinued and a physician contacted. Dicyclomine hydrochloride may produce drowsiness or blurred vision. The patients should be warned not to engage in activities requiring mental alertness, such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery or to perform hazardous work while taking dicyclomine hydrochloride. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Manufactured By:
West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp.
Eatontown, NJ 07724 USA
Revised September 2011
PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Tablets
NDC: 0904-0195-60
20 mg 100 Tablets
DicyclomineDicyclomine Hydrochloride TABLET
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