Indomethacin
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Indomethacin Extended-release capsules USP 75 cannot be considered a simple analgesic and should not be used in conditions other than those recommended under INDICATIONS AND USAGE .
Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory, indole derivative designated chemically as 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1 H-indole-3-acetic acid.
Indomethacin is practically insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol. It has a pKa of 4.5 and is stable in neutral or slightly acidic media and decomposes in strong alkali. The structural formula is:
Each extended-release capsule, for oral administration contains 75 mg of Indomethacin. In addition, each capsule contains the following Inactive Ingredients: corn starch, D&C Yellow# 10, gelatin, mannitol, povidone, sucrose, talc, and titanium dioxide.
This product meets USP Drug Release Test 2 Specifications.
Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal drug with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. Its mode of action, like that of other anti-inflammatory drugs, is not known.
However, its therapeutic action is not due to pituitary-adrenal stimulation.
Indomethacin is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis In vitro. Concentrations are reached during therapy which have been demonstrated to have an effect In vivo as well. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Moreover, prostaglandins are known to be among the mediators of inflammation. Since Indomethacin is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, its mode of action may be due to a decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues.
Indomethacin has been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent, appropriate for long-term use in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis.
Indomethacin affords relief of symptoms: it does not alter the progressive course of the underlying disease.
Indomethacin suppresses inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis as demonstrated by relief of pain, and reduction of fever, swelling and tenderness. Improvement in patients treated with Indomethacin for rheumatoid arthritis has been demonstrated by a reduction in joint swelling, average number of joints involved, and morning stiffness; by increased mobility as demonstrated by a decrease in walking time; and by improved functional capability as demonstrated by an increase in grip strength.
Indomethacin has been reported to diminish basal and C02 stimulated cerebral blood flow in healthy volunteers following acute oral and intravenous administration. In one study, after one week of treatment with orally administered indomethacin, this effect on basal cerebral blood flow had disappeared. The clinical significance of this effect has not been established.
Indomethacin Extended-release capsules USP 75 mg are designed to release 25 mg of drug initially and the remaining 50 mg over approximately 12 hours (90% of dose absorbed by 12 hours). Plasma concentrations of indomethacin fluctuate less and are more sustained following administration of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg than following administration of 25 mg indomethacin capsules given at 4 to 6 hour Intervals. In multiple-dose comparisons, the mean daily steady state plasma level of indomethacin attained with daily administration of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg was indistinguishable from that following indomethacin 25 mg capsules given at 0, 6, and 12 hours daily. However, there was a significant difference in indomethacin plasma levels between the two dosage regimens especially after 12 hours.
Controlled clinical studies of safety and efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis have shown that one capsule of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg was clinically comparable to one 25 mg indomethacin capsule t.i.d.; and in controlled clincal studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, one capsule of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg taken in the morning and one in the evening were clinically indistinguishable from one 50 mg capsule of indomethacin t.i.d..
Indomethacin is eliminated via renal excretion, metabolism, and biliary excretion. Indomethacin undergoes appreciable enterohepatic circulation. The mean half-life of indomethacin is estimated to be about 4.5 hours. With a typical therapeutic regimen of 25 or 50 mg t.i.d., the steady state plasma concentrations of indomethacin are an average 1.4 times those following the first dose.
Indomethacin exists in the plasma as the parent drug and its desmethyl, desbenzoyl, and desmethyl-desbenzoyl metabolites, all in the unconjugated form. About 60 percent of an oral dosage is recovered in urine as drug and metabolites (26 percent as indomethacin and its glucuronide), and 33 percent is recovered in feces (1.5 percent as indomethacin).
About 99% of indomethacin is bound to protein in plasma over the expected range of therapeutic plasma concentrations. Indomethacin has been found to cross the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.
Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg and other treatment options before deciding to use Indomethacin Extended-release Capsule USP 75 mg. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS ).
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg has been found effective in active stages of the following:
1. Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis including acute flares of chronic disease.
2. Moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis.
3. Moderate to severe osteoarthritis.
4. Acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendinitis).
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg are not recommended for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.
Indomethacin may enable the reduction of steroid dosage in patients receiving steroids for the more severe forms of rheumatoid arthritis. In such instances the steroid dosage should be reduced slowly and the patients followed very closely for any possible adverse effects.
The use of indomethacin in conjunction with aspirin or other salicylates is not recommended. Controlled clinical studies have shown that the combined use of indomethacin and aspirin does not produce any greater therapeutic effect than the use of indomethacin alone. Furthermore, in one of these clinical studies, the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly increased with combined therapy. (See PRECAUTIONS , Drug Interactions ).
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Indomethacin.
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should not be given to patients who have experienced asthma, urticaria, or allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. Severe, rarely fatal, anaphylactic-like reactions to NSAIDs have been reported in such patients {see WARNINGS - Anaphylactoid Reactions , and PRECAUTIONS - Preexisting Asthma ).
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules are contraindicated for the treatment of peri-operative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (sea WARNINGS ).
Clinical trials of several COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs of up to three years duration have shown an increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. All NSAIDs, both COX-2 selective and nonselective, may have a similar risk. Patients with known CV disease or risk factors for CV disease may be at greater risk. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse CV event in patients treated with a NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration possible. Physicians and patients should remain alert for the development of such events, even in the absence of previous CV symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and/or symptoms of serious CV events and the steps to take if they occur.
There is no consistent evidence that concurrent use of aspirin mitigates the increased risk of serious CV thrombotic events associated with NSAID use. The concurrent use of aspirin and a NSAID does increase the risk of serious Gl events (see Gl WARNINGS ).
Two large, controlled, clinical trials of a COX-2 selective NSAID for the treatment of pain in the first 10-14 days following CABG surgery found an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ).
NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of preexisting hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of CV events. Patients taking thiazides or loop diuretics may have impaired response to these therapies when taking NSAIDs. NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID treatment and throughout the course of therapy.
Fluid retention and edema have been observed in some patients taking NSAIDs, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should be used with caution in patients with fluid retention or heart failure.
NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events including inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine, which can be fatal. These serious adverse events can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms, in patients treated with NSAIDs. Only one in five patients, who develop a serious upper Gl adverse event on NSAID therapy, is symptomatic. Upper Gl ulcers, gross bleeding, or perforation caused by NSAIDs occur in approximately 1% of patients treated for 3-6 months, and in about 2-4% of patients treated for one year. These trends continue with longer duration of use, increasing the likelihood of developing a serious Gl event at some time during the course of therapy. However, even short-term therapy is not without risk.
NSAIDs should be prescribed with extreme caution in those with a prior history of ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients with a prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or gastrointestinal bleeding who use NSAIDs have a greater than 10-fold increased risk for developing a Gl bleed compared to patients with neither of these risk factors. Other factors that increase the risk for Gl bleeding in patients treated with NSAIDs include concomitant use of oral corticosteroids or anticoagulants, longer duration of NSAID therapy, smoking, use of alcohol, older age, and poor general health status. Most spontaneous reports of fatal Gl events are in elderly or debilitated patients and therefore, special care should be taken in treating this population.
To minimize the potential risk for an adverse Gl event in patients treated with a NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest possible duration. Patients and physicians should remain alert for signs and symptoms of Gl ulceration and bleeding during NSAID therapy and promptly initiate additional evaluation and treatment if a serious Gl adverse event is suspected. This should include discontinuation of the NSAID until a serious Gl adverse event is ruled out. For high risk patients, alternate therapies that do not involve NSAIDs should be considered.
Long-term administration of NSAIDs has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other renal injury. Renal toxicity has also been seen in patients in whom renal prostaglandins have a compensatory role in the maintenance of renal perfusion. In these patients, administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug may cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and, secondarily, in renal blood flow, which may precipitate overt renal decompensation. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics and ACE inhibitors, and the elderly. Discontinuation of NSAID therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pretreatment state.
No information is available from controlled clinical studies regarding the use of
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules in patients with advanced renal disease.
Therefore, treatment with Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules is not recommended in these patients with advanced renal disease. If Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules therapy must be initiated, close monitoring of the patient's renal function is advisable.
As with other NSAIDs, anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules. Indomethacin Extended- release Capsules should not be given to patients with the aspirin triad. This symptom complex typically occurs in asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS – Preexisting Asthma ). Emergency help should be sought in cases where an anaphylactoid reaction occurs.
NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. These serious events may occur without warning. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious skin manifestations and use of the drug should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity.
In late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should be avoided because it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules cannot be expected to substitute for corticosteroids or to treat corticosteroid insufficiency. Abrupt discontinuation of corticosteroids may lead to disease exacerbation. Patients on prolonged corticosteroid therapy should have their therapy tapered slowly if a decision is made to discontinue corticosteroids.
The pharmacological activity of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules in reducing [fever and] inflammation may diminish the utility of these diagnostic signs in detecting complications of presumed noninfectious, painful conditions.
Borderline elevations of one or more liver tests may occur in up to 15% of patients taking NSAIDs including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules. These laboratory abnormalities may progress, may remain unchanged, or may be transient with continuing therapy. Notable elevations of ALT or AST (approximately three or more times the upper limit of normal) have been reported in approximately 1% of patients in clinical trials with NSAIDs. In addition, rare cases of hepatic reactions, including jaundice and fetal fulminant hepatitis, liver necrosis and hepatic failure, some of them with fatal outcomes have been reported.
A patient with symptoms and/or signs suggesting liver dysfunction, or in whom an abnormal liver test has occurred, should be evaluated for evidence of the development of a more severe hepatic reaction while on therapy with Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.), Indomethacin- Extended release Capsules should be discontinued.
Anemia is sometimes seen in patients receiving NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules. This may be due to fluid retention, occult or gross Gl blood loss, or an incompletely described effect upon erythropoiesis. Patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs, including Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, should have their hemoglobin or hematocrit checked if they exhibit any signs or symptoms of anemia.
NSAIDs inhibit platelet aggregation and have been shown to prolong bleeding time in some patients. Unlike aspirin, their effect on platelet function is quantitatively less, of shorter duration, and reversible. Patients receiving Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules who may be adversely affected by alterations in platelet function, such as those with coagulation disorders or patients receiving anticoagulants, should be carefully monitored.
Patients with asthma may have aspirin-sensitive asthma. The use of aspirin in patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma has been associated with severe bronchospasm which can be fatal. Since cross reactivity, including bronchospasm, between aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been reported in such aspirin-sensitive patients, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should not be administered to patients with this form of aspirin sensitivity and should be used with caution in patients with preexisting asthma.
Patients should be informed of the following information before initiating therapy with a NSAID and periodically during the course of ongoing therapy. Patients should also be encouraged to read the NSAID Medication Guide that accompanies each prescription dispensed.
1. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, like other NSAIDs, may cause serious CV side effects, such as Ml or stroke, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious CV events can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, slurring of speech, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms. Patients should be apprised of the importance of this follow-up (see WARNINGS , Cardiovascular Effects ).
2. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, like other NSAIDs, can cause Gl discomfort and, rarely, serious Gl side effects, such as ulcers and bleeding, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious Gl tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of ulcerations and bleeding, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms including epigastric pain, dyspepsia, melena, and hematemesis. Patients should be apprised of the importance of this follow-up (see WARNINGS , Gastrointestinal Effects: Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation ).
3. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, like other NSAIDs, can cause serious skin side effects such as exfoliative dermatitis, SJS, and TEN, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious skin reactions may occur without warning, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of skin rash and blisters, fever, or other signs of hypersensitivity such as itching, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative signs or symptoms. Patients should be advised to stop the drug immediately if they develop any type of rash and contact their physicians as soon as possible.
4. Patients should promptly report signs or symptoms of unexplained weight gain or edema to their physicians.
5. Patients should be informed of the warning signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity (e.g., nausea, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, and "flu-like" symptoms). If these occur, patients should be instructed to stop therapy and seek immediate medical therapy.
6. Patients should be informed of the signs of an anaphylactoid reaction (e.g., difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat). If these occur, patients should be instructed to seek immediate emergency help (see WARNINGS ).
7. In late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should be avoided because it will cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.
Because serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, physicians should monitor for signs or symptoms of GI bleeding. Patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs should have their CBC and a chemistry profile checked periodically. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver or renal disease develop, systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.) or if abnormal liver tests persist or worsen, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should be discontinued.
Reports suggest that NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of ACE-inhibitors. This interaction should be given consideration in patients taking NSAIDs concomitantly with ACE-inhibitors.
When Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules are administered with aspirin, its protein binding is reduced, although the clearance of free Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules is not altered. The clinical significance of this interaction is not known; however, as with other NSAIDs, concomitant administration of Indomethacin and aspirin is not generally recommended because of the potential of increased adverse effects.
Clinical studies, as well as post marketing observations, have shown that Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules can reduce the natriuretic effect-of furosemide and thiazides in some patients. This response has been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. During concomitant therapy with NSAIDs, the patient should be observed closely for signs of renal failure (see WARNINGS , Renal Effects ), as well as to assure diuretic efficacy.
NSAIDs have produced an elevation of plasma lithium levels and a reduction in renal lithium clearance. The mean minimum lithium concentration increased 15% and the renal clearance was decreased by approximately 20%. These effects have been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis by the NSAID. Thus, when NSAIDs and lithium are administered concurrently, subjects should be observed carefully for signs of lithium toxicity.
NSAIDs have been reported to competitively inhibit methotrexate accumulation in rabbit kidney slices. This may indicate that they could enhance the toxicity of methotrexate. Caution should be used when NSAIDs are administered concomitantly with methotrexate.
The effects of warfarin and NSAIDs on GI bleeding are synergistic, such that users of both drugs together have a risk of serious GI bleeding higher than users of either drug alone.
Only if positive interactions have been observed. (See 201.57 (f)(4)(N))
Usually only if significant findings have been observed. (See 201.57 (f)(5))
Reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated evidence of developmental abnormalities. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
Because of the known effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), use during pregnancy (particularly late pregnancy) should be avoided.
In rat studies with NSAIDs, as with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, an increased incidence of dystocia, delayed parturition, and decreased pup survival occurred. The effects of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human-milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 14 years old have not been established.
As with any NSAIDs, caution should be exercised in treating the elderly (65 years and older).
The adverse reactions for indomethacin capsules listed in the following table have been arranged into two groups: 1) incidence greater than 1% and (2) incidence less than 1%. The incidence for group (1) was obtained from 33 double-blind controlled clinical trials reported in the literature (1,092 patients). The incidence for group (2) was based on reports in clinical trials, in the literature, and on voluntary reports since marketing. The probability of a causal relationship exists between indomethacin and these adverse reactions, some of which have been reported only rarely.
In controlled clinical trials, the incidence of adverse reactions to Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg and equal 24-hour doses of indomethacin capsules were similar.
| Incidence great than 1% | Incidence less than 1% |
GASTROINTESTINAL
| nausea* with or without vomitingdyspepsia* (includingindigestion, heartburn and epigastric pain)diarrheaabdominal distress or pain constipation | anorexiabloating (includes distention)flatulencepeptic ulcergastroenteritisrectal bleedingproctitissingle or multiple ulcerations, including perforation and hemorrhage of the esophagus, stomach,duodenum or small and large intestinesIntestinal ulceration associated with stenosis and obstruction | gastrointestinal bleeding without obvious ulcer formation and perforation of pre-existing sigmoid lesions (diverticulum, carcinoma, etc.) development of ulcerative colitis and regional ileitisulcerative stomatitistoxic hepatitis and jaundice (some fatal cases have been reported) |
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
| headache (11.7%)dizziness*vertigosomnolencedepression and fatigue (including malaise and listlessness) | anxiety (includes nervousness)muscle weaknessinvoluntary muscle movementsinsomniamuzzinesspsychic disturbances including psychotic episodesmental confusiondrowsiness | light-headednesssyncopeparesthesiaaggravation of epilepsy and parkinsonismdepersonalizationcomaperipheral neuropathyconvulsionsdysarthria |
SPECIAL SENSES
| tinnitus | ocular-corneal deposits and retinal disturbances, including those of macula, have been reported in some patients on prolonged therapy with indomethacin | blurred visiondiplopiahearing disturbances, deafness |
CARDIOVASCULAR
| none | hypertensionhypotension tachycardiachest pain | congestive heart failurearrhythmia; palpitations |
METABOLIC
| none | edemaweight gainfluid retentionflushing or sweating | hyperglycemiaglycosuriahyperkalemia |
INTEGUMENTARY
| none | pruritusrash; urticariapetechiae or ecchymosis | exfoliative dermatitis erythema nodosumloss of hairStevens-Johnson syndromeerythema multiformetoxic epidermal necrolysis |
HEMATOLOGIC
| none | leukopeniabone marrow depressionanemia secondary to obvious or occult gastrointestinal bleeding | aplastic anemiahemolytic anemiaagranulocytosisthrombocytopenic purpuradisseminated intravascular coagulation |
HYPERSENSITIVITY
| none | acute anaphylaxis acute respiratory distressrapid fall in blood pressure resembling a shock-like stateangioedema | dyspneaasthmapurpuraangiitispulmonary edemafever |
GENITOURINARY
| none | hematuriavaginal bleedingproteinurianephrotic syndromeinterstitial nephritis | BUN elevationrenal insufficiency including renal failure |
MISCELLANEOUS
| none | epistaxis breast changes, including enlargement and tenderness, or gynecomastia |
* Reactions occurring in 3% to 9% of patients treated with indomethacin. (Those reactions occurring in less than 3% of the patients are unmarked.)
Other reactions have been reported but occurred under circumstances where a causal relationship could not be established. However, in these rarely reported events, the possibility cannot be excluded. Therefore, these observations are being listed to serve as alerting information to physicians:
A rare occurrence of fulminant necrotizing fasciitis, particularly in association with Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus, has been described in persons treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including indomethacin, sometimes with fatal outcome (see also
PRECAUTIONS
,
General
).
Cardiovascular: Thrombophlebitis.
Hematologic: Although there have been several reports of leukemia, the supporting information is weak.
Genitourinary: Urinary frequency.
The following symptoms may be observed following overdosage: nausea, vomiting, intense headache, dizziness, mental confusion, disorientation, or lethargy. There have been reports of paresthesias, numbness, and convulsions.
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. The stomach should be emptied as quickly as possible if the ingestion is recent. If vomiting has not occurred spontaneously, the patient should be induced to vomit with syrup of ipecac. If the patient is unable to vomit, gastric lavage should be performed. Once the stomach has been emptied, 25 or 50 g of activated charcoal may be given. Depending on the condition of the patient, close medical observation and nursing care may be required. The patient should be followed for several days because gastrointestinal ulceration and hemorrhage have been reported as adverse reactions of indomethacin. Use of antacids may be helpful.
The oral LD50 of indomethacin in mice and rats (based on 14 day mortality response) was 50 and 12 mg/kg, respectively.
Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules and other treatment options before deciding to use Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see
WARNINGS
).
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg are available for oral use. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg can be administered once a day and can be substituted for indomethacin 25 mg capsules t.i.d. However, there will be significant difference between the two dosage regimens in indomethacin blood levels, especially after 12 hours (see
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
). In addition, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg b.i.d. can be substituted for indomethacin 50 mg capsules t.i.d. Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg may be substituted for all the indications of indomethacin capsules except acute gouty arthritis.
Adverse reactions appear to correlate with the size of the dose of indomethacin in most patients, but not all. Therefore, every effort should be made to determine the smallest effective dosage for the individual patient.
Always give Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg with food, immediately after meals, or with antacids to reduce gastric irritation.
Pediatric Use: Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg ordinarily should not be prescribed for children 14 years of age and under (see
WARNINGS
).
Adult Use: Dosage Recommendations for Active Stages of the Following:
1. Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis, including acute flares of chronic
disesase; moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis; and moderate to severe osteoarthritis.
The following information is provided as background only and refers to immediate-release indomethacin capsules (25 mg or 50 mg):
Suggested Dosage:
The following recommendations on dosing pertain to immediate-release indomethacin capsules USP, and provide important information regarding the dosage and administration of indomethacin. The prescriber should be aware of this information when considering and prescribing Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg.
Indomethacin capsules 25 mg b.i.d. or t.i.d. If this is well tolerated, increase the daily dosage by 25 or 50 mg, if required by continuing symptoms, at weekly intervals until a satisfactory response is obtained or until a total daily dose of 150-200 mg is reached. DOSES ABOVE THIS AMOUNT GENERALLY DO NOT INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG.
In patients who have persistent night pain and/or morning stiffness, the giving of a large portion, up to a maximum of 100 mg, of the total daily dose at bedtime, either orally or by rectal suppositories, may be helpful in affording relief. The total daily dose should not exceed 200 mg. In acute flares of chronic rheumatoid arthritis, it may be necessary to increase the dosage by 25 mg or, if required, by 50 mg daily.
The following information refers to Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg:
If Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg are used for initiating indomethacin treatment, one capsule daily should be the usual starting dose in order to observe patient tolerance since 75 mg per day is the maximum recommended starting dose for indomethacin (see above). If Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg are used to increase the daily dose, patients should be observed for possible signs and symptoms of intolerance since the daily increment will exceed the daily increment recommended for other dosage forms. For patients who require 150 mg of indomethacin per day and have demonstrated acceptable tolerance, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg may be prescribed as one capsule twice daily.
If minor adverse effects develop as the dosage is increased, reduce the dosage rapidly to a tolerated dose and OBSERVE THE PATIENT CLOSELY.
If severe adverse reactions occur, STOP THE DRUG. After the acute phase of the disease is under control, an attempt to reduce the daily dose should be made repeatedly until the patient is receiving the smallest effective dose or the drug is discontinued.
Careful instructions to, and observations of, the individual patient are essential to the prevention of serious, irreversible, including fatal, adverse reactions.
As advancing years appear to increase the possibility of adverse reactions, Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules should be used with greater care in the aged.
2. Acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendinitis): Initial Dose: 75 mg to 150mg daily. When 150 mg is prescribed, give as one capsule twice daily.
The drug should be discontinued after the signs and symptoms of inflammation have been controlled for several days. The usual course of therapy is 7 to 14 days.
Indomethacin Extended-release Capsules USP 75 mg are supplied as yellow opaque cap, natural body with black imprint “K 16” on both cap and body, filled with white pellets.
Bottles of 30 capsules, NDC 10702-016-03
Bottles of 60 capsules, NDC 10702-016-06
Bottles of 90 capsules, NDC 10702-016-09
Bottles of 100 capsules, NDC 10702-016-01
Bottles of 500 capsules, NDC 10702-016-50
Bottles of 1000 capsules, NDC 10702-016-10
Rx only
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) with excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.
(See the end of this Medication Guide for a list of prescription NSAID medicines.)
What is the most important information I should know about medicines called Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)?
NSAID medicines may increase the chance of a heart attack or stroke that can lead to death.
This chance increases:
• with longer use of NSAID medicines
• in people who have heart disease
NSAID medicines should never be used right before or after a heart surgery called a "coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)."
NSAID medicines can cause ulcers and bleeding in the stomach and intestines at any time during treatment.
Ulcers and bleeding:
• can happen without warning symptoms
• may cause death
|The chance of a person getting an ulcer or bleeding increases with:
• taking medicines called "corticosteroids" and "anticoagulants"
• longer use
• smoking
• drinking alcohol
• older age
• having poor health
NSAID medicines should only be used:
• exactly as prescribed
• at the lowest dose possible for your treatment
• for the shortest time needed
What are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)?
NSAID medicines are used to treat pain and redness, swelling, and heat (inflammation) from medical conditions such as:
• different types of arthritis
• menstrual cramps and other types of short-term pain
Who should not take a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)?
Do not take a NSAID medicine:
• if you had an asthma attack, hives, or other allergic reaction with aspirin or any other NSAID medicine
• for pain right before or after heart bypass surgery
Tell your healthcare provider:
• about all of your medical conditions.
• about all of the medicines you take. NSAIDs and some other
medicines can interact with each other and cause serious side effects. Keep a list of your medicines to show to your healthcare provider and pharmacist.
• if you are pregnant. NSAID medicines should not be used by pregnant women late in their pregnancy.
• if you are breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor.
What are the possible side effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)?
| Serious side effects include:• heart attack• stroke• high blood pressure• heart failure from body swelling (fluid retention)• kidney problems including kidney failure• bleeding and ulcers in the stomach and intestine• low red blood cells (anemia)• life-threatening skin reactions• life-threatening allergic reactions• liver problems including liver failure• asthma attacks in people who have asthma | Other side effects include:• stomach pain• constipation• diarrhea• gas• heartburn• nausea• vomiting• dizziness |
Get emergency help right away if you have any of the following symptoms:
• shortness of breath or trouble breathing
• slurred speech
• chest pain
• swelling of the face or throat
• weakness in one part or side of your body
Stop your NSAID medicine and call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms:
• nausea
• vomit blood
• more tired or weaker than usual
• there is blood in your bowel movement or it is black and sticky like tar
• itching
• your skin or eyes look yellow
• unusual weight gain
• stomach pain
• skin rash or blisters with fever
• stomach pain
• flu-like symptoms
• swelling of the arms and legs, hands and feet
These are not all the side effects with NSAID medicines. Talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist for more information about NSAID medicines.
Other information about Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
• Aspirin is a NSAID medicine but it does not increase the chance of a heart
attack. Aspirin can cause bleeding in the brain, stomach and intestines.
Aspirin can also cause ulcers in the stomach and intestines.
• Some of these NSAID medicines are sold in lower doses without a
prescription (over- the-counter). Talk to your healthcare provider before
using over-the-counter NSAIDs for more than 10 days.
| Generic Name | Trade name |
| Celecoxib | Celebrex |
| Diclofenac | Cataflam, Voltaren, Arthrotec (combined with misoprostol) |
| Diflunisal | Dolobid |
| Etodolac | Lodine, Lodine XL |
| Fenoprofen | Nalfon, Nalfon 200 |
| Flurbiprofen | Ansaid |
| Ibuprofen | Motrin, Tab-Profen, Vicoprofen (combined withhydrocodone),Combunox (combined with oxycodone) |
| Indomethacin | Indocin, Indocin SR, Indo-Lemmon, Indomethegan |
| Ketoprofen | Oruvail |
| Ketorolac | Toradol |
| Mefenamic Acid | Ponstel |
| Meloxicam | Mobic |
| Nabumetone | Relafen |
| Naproxen | Naprosyn, Anaprox, Anaprox DS, EC-Naprosyn, Naprelan, Naprapac (copackaged with Iansoprazole) |
| Oxaprozin | Daypro |
| Piroxicam | Feldene |
| Sulindac | Clinoril |
| Tolmetin | Tolectin, Tolectin DS, Tolectin 600 |
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
This Medication Guide may have been revised after this copy was produced. For more information and the most current Medication Guide, please visit www.kvktech.com or call our customer service department toll-free at 1-800-KVK-TECH.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA 1088.
Manufactured by: KVK-TECH INC.
110 Terry Drive
Newtown, PA 18940
MADE IN USA
Item ID # 006030/04
Manufacturer’s Code: 10702 03/11
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
NDC 54569-1518-0
Packaged by:
A-S Medication Solutions
Libertyville, IL 60048
IndomethacinIndomethacin CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE
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