Potassium Chloride
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ORAL SOLUTION, USP 20%
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE DESCRIPTION
- CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE INDICATIONS AND USAGE
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CONTRAINDICATIONS
- WARNINGS
- PRECAUTIONS
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ADVERSE REACTIONS
- OVERDOSAGE
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- HOW SUPPLIED
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 473 mL Bottle Label
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Rx only
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE DESCRIPTION
Potassium Chloride Oral Solution USP 20% Sugar Free Each 15 mL (tablespoonful) contains 40 mEq of potassium chloride (provided by potassium chloride 3 g),in a palatable cherry flavored, sugar free vehicle and less than 0.3% alcohol contributed by flavoring.
Inactive Ingredients: citric acid anhydrous, D&C Red# 33, FD&C red# 40, glycerin, purified water, sodium benzoate, sodium saccharin, sorbitol solution, wild cherry flavor.
Potassium chloride oral solution 20% is an electrolyte replenisher. The chemical name is potassium chloride and the structural name is KCl. Potassium chloride, USP occurs as a white granular powder or as odorless crystals. It is odorless and has a saline taste. Its solutions are neutral to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
The potassium ion is the principle intercellular cation of most body tissue. Potassium ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intercellular tonicity, the transmission of nerve impulses, the contraction of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle and the maintenance of normal renal function.
The intracellular concentration of potassium is approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5 to 5 Eq per liter. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane.
Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and under steady state conditions the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. The usual dietary intake of potassium is 50 to 100 mEq per day.
Potassium depletion will occur whenever the potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake. Such depletions usually develop as a consequence of therapy with diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or inadequate replacement of potassium or patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. Depletion can develop rapidly with severe diarrhea, especially if associated with vomiting. Potassium depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Potassium depletion may produce weakness, fatigue, disturbances of cardiac rhythm, (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram, and, in advanced cases, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine.
If potassium depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis cannot be managed by correcting the fundamental cause of the deficiency, e.g., where the patient requires long term diuretic therapy, supplemental potassium in the form of high potassium food or potassium chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels.
In rare circumstances, (e.g., patients with renal tubular acidosis) potassium depletion may be associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. In such patients, potassium replacement should be accomplished with potassium salts other than chloride, such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate, or potassium gluconate.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE INDICATIONS AND USAGE
- For the treatment of patients with hypokalemia, with or without metabolic alkalosis; in digitalis intoxication; and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. If hypokalemia is the result of diuretic therapy, consideration should be given to the use of the lower dose of a diuretic, which may be sufficient without leading to hypokalemia.
- For the prevention of hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hyperkalemia were to develop e.g., digitalized patients or patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias.
The use of potassium salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern and when low doses of the diuretic are used. Serum potassium should be checked periodically, however, and if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases. In more severe cases, and if dose adjustment of the diuretic is ineffective or unwarranted supplementation with potassium salts may be indicated.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CONTRAINDICATIONS
Potassium supplements are contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia since further increase in serum potassium concentration in such patients can produce cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia may complicate any of the following conditions: chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis such as diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive tissue breakdown as in severe burns, adrenal insufficiency, or administration of a potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride) (see OVERDOSAGE )
WARNINGS
DO NOT ADMINISTER FULL STRENGTH. SOLUTION MAY CAUSE GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION IF ADMINISTERED UNDILUTED. FOR DETAILS REGARDING ADEQUATE DILUTION, SEE DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
Hyperkalemia
(see OVERDOSAGE )
In patients with impaired mechanisms for excreting potassium, the administration of potassium salts can produce hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. This occurs mostly in patients given potassium by the intravenous route but may also occur in patients given potassium orally. Potentially fatal hyperkalemia can develop rapidly and be asymptomatic. The use of potassium salts in patients with chronic renal disease, or any other condition which impairs potassium excretion, requires particularly careful monitoring of the serum potassium concentration and appropriate dosage adjustment.
Interaction with Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Hypokalemia should not be treated by the concomitant administration of potassium salts and a potassium sparing diuretic (e.g., spironolactone, triamterene or amiloride) since the simultaneous administration of these agents can produce severe hyperkalemia.
Interaction with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., captopril, enalapril) will produce some potassium retention by inhibiting aldosterone production. Potassium supplements should be given to patients receiving ACE inhibitors only with close monitoring.
Metabolic Acidosis
Hypokalemia in patients with metabolic acidosis should be treated with an alkalinizing potassium salt such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate or potassium gluconate.
PRECAUTIONS
General
The diagnosis of potassium depletion is ordinarily made by demonstrating hypokalemia in a patient with a clinical history suggesting some cause for potassium depletion. In interpreting serum potassium level, the physician should bear in mind that acute alkalosis per se can produce hypokalemia in the absence of a deficit in total body potassium while acute acidosis per se can increase the serum potassium concentration into the normal range even in the presence of a reduced total body potassium. The treatment of potassium depletion, particularly in the presence of cardiac disease, renal disease, or acidosis requires careful attention to acid-base balance and appropriate monitoring of serum electrolytes, the electrocardiogram, and the clinical status of the patient.
Laboratory Tests
When blood is drawn for analysis of plasma potassium, it is important to recognize that artifactual elevations can occur after improper venipuncture technique or as a result of in vitro hemolysis of the sample.
Drug Interactions
Potassium-sparing diuretic, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: see WARNINGS .
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and fertility studies in animals have not been performed. Potassium is a normal dietary constituent.
Pregnancy Category C
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with potassium chloride oral solution 20%. It is unlikely that potassium supplementation that does not lead to hyperkalemia would have had an adverse effect on the fetus or would affect reproduction capacity.
Nursing Mothers
The normal potassium content of human milk is about 13 mEq per liter. Since oral potassium becomes part of the body potassium pool, so long as body potassium is not excessive, the contribution of potassium chloride supplementation should have little or no effect on the level in human milk.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness on children have not been established.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ADVERSE REACTIONS
One of the most severe adverse effects is hyperkalemia. (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS, and OVERDOSAGE). There also have been reports of upper and lower gastrointestinal conditions including obstruction, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS).
To report Adverse Drug Events call (866) 562-4597 or (800) FDA-1088.
The most common adverse reactions to the potassium salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort, and diarrhea. These symptoms are due to irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and are best managed by diluting the preparation further, taking the dose with meals, or reducing the amount taken at one time.
OVERDOSAGE
The administration of oral potassium salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for potassium rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired, or if potassium is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS). It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum potassium concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peeking of T-waves, loss of P-wave, depression of S-T segment and prolongation of the QT interval). Late manifestations include paralysis and cardiovascular collapse for cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L).
Treatment measures for hyperkalemia include the following:
- Elimination of foods and medications containing potassium and of any agents with potassium sparing properties;
- Intravenous administration of 300 to 500 mL/hr of 10% dextrose solution containing 10-20 units of crystalline insulin per 1,000 mL.
- Correction of acidosis, if present, with intravenous sodium bicarbonate;
- Use of exchange resins, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis.
In treating hyperkalemia, it should be recalled that in patients who have been stabilized on digitalis, too rapid lowering of the serum potassium concentration can produce digitalis toxicity.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The usual dietary potassium intake by the average adult is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Potassium depletion sufficient to cause hypokalemia usually requires the loss of 200 or more mEq of potassium from the total body store. Dosage must be adjusted to the individual needs of each patient. The dose for the prevention of hypokalemia is typically in the range of 20 mEq per day. Doses of 40-100 mEq per day or more are used for the treatment of potassium depletion.
Potassium Chloride Oral Solution 20%
To minimize gastrointestinal irritation, patients must follow directions regarding dilution. Each tablespoon (15 mL) should be diluted with six (6) fluid ounces or more of water or other liquid.
One (1) tablespoonful (15 mL) per day (after the morning meal) supplies 40 mEq of potassium chloride. One tablespoonful, twice a day, provides 80 mEq of potassium chloride.
Deviations from these recommendations may be indicated since no average total daily dose can be defined but must be governed by close observation for clinical effects. However, potassium intoxication may result from any therapeutic dosage. See OVERDOSAGE and PRECAUTIONS .
HOW SUPPLIED
In pint bottles.
Potassium Chloride Oral Solution, USP 20% (473 mL) – 16571-304-16
Dispense in a tight, light resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.
Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F) see USP Controlled Room Temperature. Avoid freezing.
Manufactured by:
Bio-Pharm, Inc.
Levittown, PA 19057
Distributed by:
PACK Pharmaceuticals, LLC
Buffalo Grove, IL 60089
800-521-5340
REV 03/2014
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 473 mL Bottle Label
NDC 16571-304-16
Potassium
Chloride
Oral Solution,
USP 20%
Cherry Flavored
Sugar Free
Rx only
40 mEq. Potassium per 15 mL
Replacement therapy for
POTASSIUM-Deficiency States
To be used for
oral administration only.
TAMPER-EVIDENT: Do not use this
product if inner foil seal over the
mouth of the bottle is cut, torn,
broken or missing.
Distributed by:
PACK™
Pharmaceuticals
PACK Pharmaceuticals, LLC
Buffalo Grove, IL 60089
LOT / EXP
ONE PINT (473 mL)
Potassium ChloridePotassium Chloride LIQUID
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