SulfaMed

VetOne
Bimeda, Inc. Division of Cross Vetpharm Group

FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION

VET one^®

SulfaMed^™

(sulfadimethoxine)

Injection

INJECTION 40%

ANTIBACTERIAL

Each mL contains 400 mg sulfadimethoxine

Uses

Cattle - For the treatment of bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever complex) and bacterial pneumonia associated with Pasteurella spp. sensitive to sulfadimethoxine necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot) and calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum sensitive to sulfadimethoxine.

Restricted Drug (California) - Use Only as Directed

Not for Human Use

DESCRIPTION:  SulfaMed ^TM  (sulfadimethoxine) Injection 40% is a low-dosage, rapidly long-acting sulfonamide, effective for the treatment of shipping fever complex, bacterial pneumonia, calf diphtheria, and foot rot in cattle.  Sulfadimethoxine is a white, almost tasteless and odorless compound.  Chemically, it is N ^1 -(2,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidinyl) sulfanilimide.  The structural formula is

ACTIONS:  Sulfadimethoxine has been demonstrated clinically or in the laboratory to be effective against a variety of organisms, such as streptococci, klebsiella, proteus, shigella, staphylococci, escherichia, and salmonella.^1,2

The systemic sulfonamides which include sulfadimethoxine are  bacteriostatic agents.  Sulfonamides competitively inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from para-aminobenzioc acid.  Mammalian cells are capable of utilizing folic acid in the presence of sulfonamides.

The tissue distribution of sulfadimethoxine, as with all sulfonamides, is a function of plasma levels, degree of plasma protein binding, and subsequent passive distribution in the tissues of the lipid-soluble unionized form.  The relative amounts are determined by both its pKa and by the pH of each tissue.  Therefore, levels tend to be higher in less acid tissue and body fluids or those diseased tissues having high concentrations of leucocytes.^2

Slow renal excretion results from a high degree of tubular reabsorption,^3 and plasma binding is very high, providing a blood reservoir of the drug.  Thus, sulfadimethoxine maintains higher blood levels than most other long-acting sulfonamides.  Single, comparatively low doses of sulfadimethoxine give rapid and sustained therapeutic blood levels.^1

To assure successful sulfonamide therapy (1) the drug must be given early in the course of the disease, and it must produce a high sulfonamide level in the body rapidly after administration, (2) therapeutcally effective sulfonamide levels must be maintained in the body throughout the treatment period, (3) treatment should continue for a short period of time after the clinical signs have disappeared, and (4) the causitive organisms must be sensitive to this class of drugs.

TOXICITY AND SAFETY:  Data regarding acute (LD _50 ) and chronic toxicities of sulfadimethoxine indicate the drug is very safe.  The LD _50  in mice is greater than 2 g/kg of body weight when administered intraperitoneally and greater than 16 g/kg when administered orally.  In dogs receiving massive single oral doses of 3.2 g/kg of body weight, diarrhea was the only adverse effect observed.  Dogs given 160 mg/kg of body weight orally daily for 13 weeks showed no signs of toxicity.

In cattle sulfadimethoxine has been shown to be safe through extensive clinical use with other dosage forms.  In addition, studies with intravenous administration of sulfadimethoxine injection 40% have demonstrated that hemolysis of erythrocytes does not occur by this route of administration.  Sulfadimethoxine has a relatively high solubility at the pH normally occurring in the kidney, precluding the possibility of precipitation and crystalluria.

Uses

INDICATIONS:  SulfaMed ^TM  Injection 40% is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever complex) and bacterial pneumonia associated with Pasteurella spp. sensitive to sulfadimethoxine; necrotic phododermattis (foot rot) and calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum sensitive to sulfadimethoxine.

LIMITATIONS:  Sulfadimethoxine is not effective in viral or rickettsial infections, and as with any antibacterial agent, occasional failures in therapy may occur due to resistant microorganisms.  The usual precautions in sulfonamide therapy should be observed.

PRECAUTIONS:  During treatment period, make certain that animals maintain adequate water intake.

If animals show no improvement within 2 or 3 days, consult your veterinarian.

Tissue damage may result from perivascular infiltration.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:  SulfaMed^TM Injection 40% must be administered only by the intravenous route in cattle.  Cattle should receive 1 mL of SulfaMed^TM Injection 40% per 16 lb of body weight (55 mg/kg) as an initial dose, followed by 0.5 mL per 16 lb of body weight (27.5 mg/kg) every 24 hours thereafter.  Sulfadimethoxine Boluses may be utilized for maintenance therapy in cattle.  Representative weights and doses are indicated in the following table:

Each mL contains 400 mg sulfadimethoxine

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Animal Weight                                       Initial Dose                                         Subsequent Daily Doses

                                                           25 mg/lb (55 mg/lg)                            12.5 mg/lb (27.5 mg/kg)

250 lb (113.6 kg)                                  15.6 mL                                              7.8 mL

500 lb (227.2 kg)                                  31.2 mL                                              15.6 mL

750 lb (340.9 kg)                                  46.9 mL                                              23.5 mL

1000 lb (454.5 kg)                                62.5 mL                                              31.3 mL

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Length of treatment depends on the clinical response.  In most cases treatment for 3 - 5 days is adequate.  Treatment should be continued until the animal is asymptomatic for 48 hours.

DIRECTIONS FOR INTRAVENOUSE INJECTION:

1.  A nose lead and/or halter sufficiently strong enough to effectively restrain or hold the animal's head steady so that the intravenous injection can be made with ease.

2.  Hypodermic needles, 16 or 18 gauge and 2 inches long.  Only new, sharp and sterile hypodermic needles should be used.  Dull needles should be discarded.  Extra needles should always be available in case the needle being used should become clogged.

3.  Hypodermic syringes, 40- or 50-mL sterile, disposable or resusable glass syringes should be available.

4.  Alcohol (70%) or equally effective antiseptic for disinfecting the skin.

Preparation of equipment:  Glass syringes and regular hypodermic needles should be thoroughly cleaned and washed.  Following this, the needles and syringes should be immersed in boiling water for 30 minutes prior to each injection.  Regular hypodermic needles should not be used more than 3-4 times as repeated skin puncturing and boiling of the needles casues them to become quite dull.  Disposable hypodermic needles and syringes should not be used more than once.      

Restraint of animals:  The cow should preferable be in a stancion for maximum restraint.  If this is not possible, the animal should be restrained in a manner to prevent excessive movement.  A nose lead should be applied and the animal's head turned sidewise to stretch the skin and tense the muscles of the neck region (See Figure 1).

Locating the jugular vein:  Once the animal has been restrained (as above), you will notice a long depression of the skin from below the angle of the jaw to just above the shoulder.  This is known as the jugular furrow or jugular groove.  The jugular vein is located just under the jugular groove (See Figure 1).

Preparation of SulfaMed^TM Injection 40% for injection:  The rubber cap of the bottle should be thoroughly cleaned with 70% alcohol or other satisfactory antiseptic.  The correct amount of SulfaMed^TM of SulfaMed^TM injection 40% for treatment should be calculated (see dosage directions) and that amount withdrawn into a syringe (See Figure 2).  One or two syringefuls of air should be injected into the bottle first to make withdrawing the drug easier.  SulfaMed^TM Injection 40% should preferably be at room temperature when filling syringes and when injecting intravenously.

Entering the vein:  The skin of the injection area should be clean and free of dirt.  Cotton saturated with 70% alcohol (or suitable antiseptic) should be used to wipe the injection site.  Apply pressure over the jugular vein close to the shoulder.  This will reduce the flow of blood to the heart and cause jugular vein to bulge or enlarge (See Figure 3).  When the jugular vein has been "raised", insert the hypodermic needle at a 45° angle through the skin just underneath the jugular vein.  The beveled edge of the hypodermic needle should be up (See Figure 4).

After the skin has been punctured, the point of the needle should be directed toward the side of the vein and pushed into the center of the vein (See Figure 5).  When the needle is in the center of the vein, there will be free flow of blood back through the needle.  Release external pressure when you are sure the needle is within the vein.

Injection the SulfaMed^TM Injection 40%:  After the needle has been accurately inserted into the jugular vein, firmly attach the syringe containing SulfaMed^TM Injection 40% to the inserted hypodermic needle.  Caution, be sure syringe is free of air.  Exert firm pressure on the plunger of the syringe to inject the SulfaMed^TM Injection 40% while the barrel is held firmly.  The injection should be made moderately slow - never rapidly.  If the animal moves, causing resistance in pushing the plunger of the syringe, or if a bubble of the drug is noted under the skin, the needles is no longer within the vein.  The needle should be repositioned.

When the injection is completed, quickly withdraw the syringe and needle with a quick pull and apply light pressure over the injection site with alcohol and cotton to minimize bleeding from the puncture site.

STORAGE:  Store at 20°C - 25°C (68°F - 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C - 30°C (between 59°F - 86°F).

HOW SUPPLIED:  SulfaMed ^TM  Injection 40% is available in the following dosage form for cattle:  SulfaMed ^TM  Injection 40% - Each mL contains 400 mg sulfadimethoxine compounded with 20% propylene glycol, 1% benzyl alcohol, 0.1 mg disodium edetate, 1 mg sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and pH adjusted with sodium hydroxide, 250 mL bottles.

REFERENCES

1.  Data on file from Hoffman-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey.

2.  Stowe CM:  The sulfonamides. In Jones LM (ed). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, chapter 33, 1965.

3.  Baggot, JD:  Some aspects of drug persistence in domestic animals. Res Vet Sci 11:(2) 130, 1970.